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]]>1.] In diabetes mellitus fat, protein and carbohydrate metabolism is commonly affected.
2.] People with diabetes are very much prone to infection.
3.] In this metabolic syndrome some of the major features are – central obesity, hypertriglyceridaemia, low LDL cholesterol, hyperglycemia and the hypertension.
4.] Diabetes mellitus is a leading cause of morbidity ( refers to having a disease or a symptoms of disease, or to the amount of disease in population, it also refers to medical problems caused by treatment) and mortality all over the world.
5.] The rise in prevalence is more for – Type 2 diabetes than for Type 1.
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CLASSIFICATION :-
There are basically two types of diabetes :
A.] Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus : It is also called insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. In this type 1 diabetes about 10% cases of diabetes mellitus were constituted. Previously, it is termed as juvenile – onset diabetes (JOD) due to its occurrence in younger age and was called insulin dependent for insulin replacement as treatment.
Based on underlying etiology, type 1 diabetes mellitus is further divided into 2 types :-
B.] Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus : This type comprises about 80% cases of DM. Previously, this type 2 diabetes is termed as non – insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) or maturity – onset diabetes. Type 2 DM mainly affect older individuals. Many Type 2 DM patients require insulin therapy to control hyperglycemia or to prevent ketosis.
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PATHOGENESIS :-
Depending upon the etiology discussed above of DM; hyperglycemia may result from the following :
A.] Pathogenesis of Type 1 DM : Basically, in type 1 diabetes mellitus there is a destruction of beta – cells mass, which leads to absolute deficiency of insulin.
Pathogenesis of type 1 ADM are as follows :
B.] Pathogenesis of Type 2 DM : In type 2 DM either a delayed insulin secretion relative to glucose load (impaired insulin secretion), or the peripheral tissue are unable to respond to insulin (insulin resistance).
Pathogenesis of Type 2 DM are as follows :
TREATMENT :-
Medication given to the TYPE-I Diabetic patients are as follows :-
Short-acting insulin
Rapid-acting insulins
Intermediate-acting insulin
Long-acting insulins
Combination insulins
Amylinomimetic drug
Medications for type 2 diabetes
Sulfonylureas
Biguanides
Thiazolidinediones
Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors
Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors
DPP-4 inhibitors help the body continue to make insulin.
These drugs can also help the pancreas make more insulin. These drugs include:
Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 receptor agonists)
These drugs are similar to the natural hormone called incretin.
Meglitinides
Sodium-glucose transporter (SGLT) 2 inhibitors
Dopamine agonist
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MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS :-
1.] Diabetes is beat defined as ?
a. A metabolic disease characterized by low blood sugar
b. A metabolic disease characterized by high blood sugar
c. A family of blood infection
d. None of the above
2.] diabetes can be cured with diet, exercise and medication ?
a. True
b. False
3.] Which is not an symptom of diabetes ?
a. Itchy skin
b. Thirst
c. Frequent urination
d. Muscle Pain
4.] Insulin is a natural hormone secreted by which organ or gland ?
a. The kidney
b. The liver
c. The pancreas
d. The spleen
5.] Type – 2 diabetes can cause long term damage in the ?
a. Kidneys
b. Eyes
c. Nerves
d. All of the above
6.] Gestational diabetes occurs ?
a. During pregnancy
b. After a bout with shingles
c. At birth
d. After menopause
7.] People with diabetes are prone to ?
a. Acne (pimples)
b. Shingles
c. Infection
d. Migraine
8.] When the body does not respond to the insulin it makes this is called ?
a. Type 1 diabetes
b. Type 2 diabetes
c. Both
d. None of the above
9.] With Type 1 diabetes, the body does not produce insulin ?
a. True
b. False
10.] Prediabetes is considered as a reversible condition ?
a. True
b. False
SOLUTIONS :-
1.] (b) A metabolic disease characterized by high blood sugar
2.] (b)
3.] (d) Muscle pain
4.] (c) The pancreas
5.] (d)
6.] (a) During pregnancy
7.] (c) Infection
8.] (b) Type 2 diabetes
9.] (a)
10.] (a)
List of Successful GPATINDIAN CANDIDATES
REFERENCES :-
1.] Textbook Of Pathology By Harsh Mohan; 7th edition; Page no. 808 – 818.
2.] Robbin’s Basic Pathology; 5th edition; Page no. 909 – 922.
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