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]]>CLASSIFICATION OF EMPHYSEMA :-
There are four types of emphysema :
PATHOGENESIS :-
Pathologically, COPD is characterized by diffuse inflammation of lung parenchyma and airways. This inflammatory response in emphysema typically shows evidence of the activation of innate and acquired inflammatory components contributes to the lung injury in these patients and serves as a self – perpetuating stimulus for further immune activation. The mobilization of inflammatory cells to the lungs lead to the release of potentially destructive mediators, includes tissue proteases and cytokinesis, which directly contribute to tissue remodelling and destruction. These mediators include chemo attractant factors, most notably chemo kines, which serve to attract additional inflammatory cells. In addition to inflammation, oxidative stress caused by cigarette smoke inhalation plays a significant role in generating emphysema. Therefore, oxidation injury and lung inflammation act in concrete to increase alveolar destruction or to compromise maintenance and repair of alveolar structure.
SYMPTOMS :-
In early stage of emphysema, commonly two symptoms are observed – shortness of breath and chronic cough.
Other symptoms of emphysema includes :-
TREATMENT :-
Medication of emphysema include :
For increase mucociliary clearance | Beta – agonists, which relax bronchial smooth muscle and increase mucociliary clearance. |
Medication for relaxation in bronchial smooth muscles | Anticholinergics, or antimuscarinics, corticosteroids drugs such as fluticasone, may also help. |
Relive in the symptoms of emphysema associated with asthma and bronchitis | The steroids are inhaled as an aerosol spray as they in the relive of the symptoms of emphysema associated with asthma and bronchitis. |
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS :-
1.] True about alpha – 1 antitrypsin deficiency is / are ?
a. Pulmonary emphysema
b. Diastase resistance hepatic cells
c. Both (a) and (b)
d. None of the above
2.] Moat common type of emphysema clinically is ?
a. Panacinar
b. Centriacinar
c. Paraseptal
d. Segmental
3.] In a heavy smoker with chronic bronchiolitis which of the following is likely to be seen ?
a. Centrilobular emphysema
b. Panacinar emphysema
c. Paraseptal emphysema
d. None of the above
4.] Alpha – 1 – antitrypsin deficiency occur in ?
a. Asthma
b. Bronchiectasis
c. Emphysema
d. Bronchogenic carcinoma
5.] Which of the following disease is included in the umbrella term COPD ?
a. Emphysema
b. Chronic bronchitis
c. Lung cancer
d. Both (a) and (b)
6.] People in what age group are most likely to say they have symptoms of COPD ?
a. 15 – 24
b. 25 – 34
c. 35 – 39
d. 40 and older
7.] Long term exposure to which of the following can increase the risk of COPD ?
a. Airborne chemicals
b. Pollutants
c. Lung irritants
d. All of the above
8.] Which of the following can help improve your health if you have COPD ?
a. Not smoking
b. Exercising regularly
c. Drinking alcohol
d. Both (a) and (b)
9.] How is COPD treated ?
a. Bronchodilators
b. Inhaled corticosteroids
c. Supplemental oxygen
d. All of the above
10.] Which of the following steps help to prevent respiratory infection ?
a. Annual flee shots
b. Pneumonia shot
c. Avoiding drafts
d. Both (a) and (b)
SOLUTIONS :-
1.] (c)
2.] (b) Centriacinar
3.] (a) Centrilobular emphysema
4.] (c) Emphysema
5.] (d)
6.] (d) 40 and older
7.] (d)
8.] (d)
9.] (d)
10.] (d)
List of Successful GPATINDIAN CANDIDATES
REFERENCES :-
1.] Textbook Of Pathology By Harsh Mohan; 7th edition; Page no. 459 – 463.
2.] Robbin’s Basic Pathology; 5th edition; Page no. 683 – 688.
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