The post Stomach, Small intestine, Large intestine Anatomy and MCQs for NEET, GPAT, NIPER, Staff Nurse Exam appeared first on Gpatindia: Pharmacy Jobs, Admissions, Scholarships, Conference,Grants, Exam Alerts.
]]>THE stomach is J-shaped portion of the alimentary canal which is situated in the epigastric, umbilical and left hypochondriac regions of the abdominal cavity. The stomach has a cardiac sphincter where it joins with the oesophagus and a pyloric sphincter where it meets duodenum. It has two curvatures, the lesser curvature on the posterior surface and the greater curvature on the anterior surface.
The stomach is divided in three regions- the fundus, the body, and the pylorus. At the distal end of the pylorus is the pyloric sphincter. When the stomach is inactive, the sphincter is relaxed and open and when the stomach contains food, the sphincter gets closed.
All the organs of alimentary canal has a similar structure with small modifications according to their functions. The stomach wall also has 4 layers- adventitia, muscle layer, submucosa and mucosa.
Muscle layer:- the muscle layer of stomach wall has 3 layers instead of two in other organs which are
1. The outer layers having longitudinal fibers
2. Middle layer having circular fibers
3. Inner layer having oblique fibers.
This type of arrangement is done in order to provide the churning motion for gastric activity and also supports peristaltic movement. The circular muscle is strongest between the pylorus and pyloric sphincter.
Mucosa:– when the stomach is empty, the mucous membrane lining turns into the folds and the stomach is full, the folds are converted into smooth appearance. No. of gastric glands situated open on to it. They in turn consist of specialized cells which secretes gastric juice.
Functions of stomach are as follows-
The size of stomach varies with the amount of food present in the stomach. when a meal has been eaten, the food is present in the stomach in layers and the last part of the meal remains in the fundus for long time. Mixing with gastric juice takes place gradually. Parasympathetic stimulation increases the motility of the stomach and secretion of gastric juice
About 2 liters of gastric juice is secreted daily by gastric glands which are present in the mucosa. it consist of-
There is always a small quantity of gastric juice present in the stomach even when the stomach is empty; this is known as fasting juice. Secretion of gastric juice is maximum after 1 hour of the meal. The level of juice decline to the fasting juice level after 4 hours.
There are 3 phases of secretion of gastric juice-
At the proximal end of the small intestine, it joins with the stomach at the pyloric sphincter. it is about 2.5 cm in diameter and is about 5 m long and at the distal end the small intestine meets the caecum of large intestine at the ileocaecal valve . it lies in the abdominal cavity. it is divided in 3 parts
The wall of small intestine is made of 4 layers-
Small intestine performs various functions which are described as follows-
Chemical digestion in small intestine takes place when the acid chime passes into the small intestine, it is mixed with the pancreatic juice , bile and the intestinal juice. digestion of nutrients is completed when-
the pancreatic juice is secreted by the exocrine pancreas. it is basic in nature, its consist of water, mineral salts, amylase , lipase, trysinogen and chymotrypsinogen.
the bile is secreted by liver and is stored in the gall bladder and the pH is 8. It consist of water, mineral salts, mucus, bile salts, bile pigments and cholesterol. Functions of bile include emulsification of fats, makes cholesterol and fatty acid soluble and excretion of bilirubin
the intestinal juice is secreted by the small intestine. it is also basic in nature and consist of water, mucus and mineral salts.
Absorption of nutrients from small intestine takes place by several processes like diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion, active transport etc. the surface area through which the absorption of nutrients takes place in small intestine is increased by the circular folds and the villi. We will study the complete digestion and adsorption of nutrients in next upcoming articles.
it is about 1.5m long which begins at the caecum and ends at anal canal which is within the pelvis. the large intestine has diameter of 6.5cm and is larger than that of the small intestine. The large intestine is divided in four regions-
The wall of large intestine has four layers as in other organs of alimentary tract with certain modifications which are described as follows-
Faeces is the waste material which is not digested in the small intestine. it consist of semisolid brown mass, the brown color is due to the presence of stercobilin. water is absorbed in large and small intestine, still it is found in the faeces. It consist of-
1. where is the stomach situated?
A. epigastric region of abdominal cavity
B. right hypochondriac region of abdominal cavity
c. in front of pelvic cavity
D. behind the pelvic cavity
2. which layer of stomach wall contains the gastric glands?
A. adventitia B. muscle layer
C. mucosa D. sub-mucosa
3. what is the function of stomach?
A. temporary storage B. chemical digestion of proteins
C. defence against microbes D. all of the above
4. which of the following is not the constituent of gastric juice?
A. water B. mineral salts
C. mucous D. none of the above
5. which of the following statement is NOT true?
A. stomach is divided in 3 regions
B. the proximal end of pylorus has pyloric sphincter
C. gastric juice secretes intrinsic factor
D. HCl is secreted by parietal cells
6. which phase of digestion starts before the food enters the stomach?
A. cephalic phase B. gastric phase
C. intestinal phase D. both A and B
7. Match the following-
a)outer layer of muscle layer 1. Contains circular fibers
b)middle layer of muscle layer 2. Contains longitudinal fibers
c)inner layer of muscle layer 3. Contains gastric glands
d)mucosa 4. Contains oblique fibers
8. which of the following is NOT the function of gastric juice?
A. acidifies the food B. liquefies the food
C. preparation of iron for digestion D. kills microbes
9. what initiates the cephalic phase of digestion?
A. sympathetic stimulation B. parasympathetic stimulation
C. sense of taste and smell D. both B and C
10. which nutrients remains in the stomach for the longest time?
A. lipids B. proteins
C. carbohydrates D. fats
ANSWERS:–
1. epigastric region of abdominal cavity
2. mucosa
3. all of the above
4. none of the above
5. the proximal end of pylorus has pyloric sphincter
6. cephalic phase
7. a) – 2 b) – 1 c) – 4 d) – 3
8. preparation of iron for absorption
9. both B and C
10. fats
1. Where small intestine joins the stomach?
A. fundus B. lesser curvature
C. greater curvature D. pyloric sphincter
2. How long is the small intestine?
A. 5 meters B. 2meters
C. 10meters D. 3meters
3. Which of the following are the constituents of pancreatic juice?
A. water B. inactive enzymes
C. mineral salts D. all of the above
4. At what point the pancreatic juice and bile merges before entering the duodenum?
A. duodenal papilla B. hepatic duct
C. duodenal impression D. hepatopancreatic ampulla
5. Match the following-
a)Pancreatic juice 1. Secreted by small intestine
b)Bile 2. Secreted by pancreas
c)Intestinal juice 3. Excreted though anus
d)Faeces 4. Secreted by liver
6. What is the length of the large intestine?
A. 3 meters B. 1.5 meters
C. 5 meters D. 2 meters
7. Which of the following statement is NOT true?
A. ileocaecal valve prevents back flow of contents
B. pancreatic juice is acidic in nature
C. defecation involves contraction of rectum muscles
D. in mass movement, peristalsis takes place after every 30 mins
8. what is the reason for the brown color of feces?
A. presence of fiber
B. shed epithelial cells
C. stercobilin
D. both B and C
9. WHAT is the function of small intestine?
A. mass movement B. defecation
C. microbial activity D. none of the above
10. Which of the following is NOT the content of bile
A. mineral salts B. bile pigment
c. amylase D. water
ANSWERS:-
1. pyloric sphincter
2. 5meters
3. all of the above
4. hepatopancreatic ampulla
5. a) – 2 b) – 4 c) – 1 d) – 3
6. 1.5 meters
7. pancreatic juice is acidic in nature
8. stercobilin
9. none of the above
10. amylase
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