Here you can find free study material related to Pathophysiology.

1. Hypertension: Causes, Symptoms, Pathogenesis, Treatment And MCQs for NEET, GPAT, CSIR NET JRF
2. Angina Pectoris : Symptoms, Causes, Characteristics, Treatment and MCQs for GPAT,NEET, CSIR NET JRF
3. Arteriosclerosis: Definition, Senile arteriosclerosis, Hypertensive arteriosclerosis, Types of Hypertensive arteriosclerosis, Mönckeberg’s arteriosclerosis And MCQs for NEET, GPAT, CSIR NET JRF
4. Atherosclerosis: Definition, Etiology, Pathogenesis, Clinical effect And MCQs for NEET, GPAT, CSIR NET JRF
5. Acute renal failure : Definition, Etiopathogenesis, Symptoms, Treatment And MCQs for NEET, GPAT, CSIR NET JRF
6. Chronic renal failure : Definition, Etiopathogenesis, Symptoms, Treatment And MCQs for NEET, GPAT, CSIR NET JRF
7. Congestive Heart Failure : Etiology, Symptoms, Causes, Types, Treatment And MCQs for NEET, GPAT, CSIR NET JRF
8. Hyperthyroidism : Definition, Etiopathogenesis, Symptoms, Clinical Features, Treatment And MCQs for NEET, GPAT, CSIR NET JRF
9. Conn’s Syndrome : Definition, Etiopathogenesis, Symptoms, Clinical Features, Treatment And MCQs for NEET, GPAT, CSIR NET JRF
10. Goiter : Definition, Pathogenesis, Symptoms, Treatment And MCQs for NEET, GPAT, CSIR NET JRF
11. Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis : Definition, Etiopathogenesis, Symptoms, Treatment And MCQs for NEET, GPAT, CSIR NET JRF
12. Hyperparathyroidism : Definition, Types, Symptoms, Treatment And MCQs for NEET, GPAT, CSIR NET JRF
13. Hypoparathyroidism : Definition, Types, Symptoms, Treatment And MCQs for NEET, GPAT, CSIR NET JRF
14. Cushing’s Syndrome : Definition, Pathogenesis, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment And MCQs for NEET, GPAT, CSIR NET JRF
15. Ischemic Heart Failure : Definition, Causes, Symptoms, Pathogenesis, Treatment And MCQs for NEET, GPAT, CSIR NET JRF
16. Myocardial Infarction: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment And MCQs for NEET, GPAT, CSIR NET JRF
17. Thyroid Cancer : Definition, Etiopathogenesis, Types, Treatment And MCQs for NEET, GPAT, CSIR NET JRF
18. Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome : Definition, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment And MCQs for NEET, GPAT, CSIR NET JRF
19. Malaria : Causative Agent, Pathogenesis and Life Cycle, Symptoms, Treatment And MCQs for NEET, GPAT, CSIR NET JRF
20. Amebiasis : Causative Agent, Structure, Types, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment And MCQs for NEET, GPAT, CSIR NET JRF
21. Cholera : Causative Agent, Structure, Pathogenesis, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment And MCQs for NEET, GPAT, CSIR NET JRF
22. Myxoedema : Definition, Causes, Symptoms, Clinical Features, Treatment And MCQs for NEET, GPAT, CSIR NET JRF
23. Cretinism : Definition, Causes, Symptoms, Clinical Features, Treatment And MCQs for NEET, GPAT, CSIR NET JRF
24. Hypothyroidism : Definition, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment and MCQs for NEET, GPAT, CSIR NET JRF
25. Grave’s Disease : Definition, Etiopathogenesis, Symptoms, Treatment And MCQs for NEET, GPAT, CSIR NET JRF
26. Chronic Bronchitis : Definition, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment And MCQs for NEET, GPAT, CSIR NET JRF
27. Emphysema : Definition, Classification, Pathogenesis, Symptoms, Treatment And MCQs for NEET, GPAT, CSIR NET JRF
28. Bronchial Asthma : Definition, Types, Symptoms, Treatment And MCQs for NEET, GPAT, CSIR NET JRF
29. Bronchiectasis : Definition, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment And MCQs for NEET, GPAT, CSIR NET JRF
30. Diabetes Mellitus : Definition, Classification, Pathogenesis, Treatment And MCQs for NEET, GPAT, CSIR NET JRF

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1.] The clinical manifestation of hypothyroidism depends upon the age when it first appears.

CAUSES OF HYPOTHYROIDISM :-

Causes of hypothyroidism are as follows :

1.] Insufficient thyroid parenchyma :

• Developmental
• Radiation injury
• Surgical ablation
• Hashimoto’s thyroiditis

2.] Interference with thyroid hormone synthesis :

• Idiopathic primary hypothyroidism
• Heritable biosynthetic defects
• Iodine deficiency
• Drugs
• Hashimoto’s thyroiditis

3.] Suprathyroidal :

• Pituitary lesions reducing TSH secretion
• Hypothalamic lesions that reduces thyrotropin – releasing hormone delivery.

SYMPTOMS OF HYPOTHYROIDISM :-

The most common symptoms of hypothyroidism are as follows :

• Patient suffer from fatigue, depression and constipation.
• Felling cold and dry skin.
• Weight gain due to decreased or slow metabolism.
• Muscles weakness.
• There will be decreased in heartbeat and sweating.
• Person will have increased blood cholesterol.
• Person will have pain and stiffness in your joints.
• Thinning of hair due to hormonal changes in body.
• Women will have fertility problems and irregular mensuration due to hormonal changes in body.
• there will be stiffness muscle i.e; person will not be able to move properly.
• Hoarseness.

^{The above image is taken for education purpose only from cancernetwork.com}

TREATMENT OF HYPOTHYROIDISM :-

• To treat the hypothyroidism levothyroxine ( Levothyroid, Levoxyl ) is given to the patient. It copies the function of thyroid hormone as it is the synthetic medium to compensate the less secretion of thyroid hormone.

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS :-

1.] Hypothyroidism is seen in ?

a. Hashimoto’s thyroiditis

b. Grave’s disease

c. Toxic multinodular goiter

d. Struma ovarii

2.] What are the two main hormones secreted by thyroid gland ?

a. T3

b. T4

c. TSH

d. Both (a) and (b)

3.] Inadequate release of thyroid hormone in body causes ?

a. Hypothyroidism

b. Hyperthyroidism

c. Goiter

d. None of these

4.] The symptoms of hypothyroidism are ?

a. Dry skin and hair

b. Depression

c. Joint and muscle pain

d. All of the above

5.] How is hypothyroidism treated ?

a. With radiation

b. With surgery

c. With a synthetic hormone

d. The condition can’t be treated

6.] The most common thyroid disorder is ?

a. Hypothyroidism

b. Riedel’s thyroiditis

c. Hyperthyroidism

d. Thyrocele

7.] Hypothyroidism caused by Hashimoto’s thyroiditis ?

a. True

b. False

8.] One of the symptom of hypothyroidism is ?

a. Fatigue

b. Intolerance to cold

c. Weight gain

d. All of the above

9.] In women, hypothyroidism can affect pregnancy by ?

a. Reducing the chance of getting pregnant

b. Boosting the chance of getting pregnant

c. Making miscarriage more likely

d. Making labor and delivery more difficult

10.] A person with untreated hypothyroidism may also have ?

a. High cholesterol

b. Low blood pressure

c. Low blood sugar

d. None of the above

 SOLUTION :-

1.] (a) Hashimoto’s disease

2.] (d)

3.] (a) Hypothyroidism

4.] (d)

5.] (c) With a synthetic hormone

6.] (a) Hypothyroidism

7.] (a)

8.] (d)

9.] (a) Reducing the chance of getting pregnant

10.] (a) High cholesterol

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REFERENCES :-

1.] Textbook Of Pathology By Harsh Mohan; 7th edition; Page no. 793 – 794.

2.] Robbin’s Basic Pathology; 5th edition; Page no. 1124 – 1125.

The post Hypothyroidism : Definition, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment and MCQs for NEET, GPAT, CSIR NET JRF appeared first on Gpatindia: Pharmacy Jobs, Admissions, Scholarships, Conference,Grants, Exam Alerts.