The post Strophanthus: biological sources,morphological features and MCQs appeared first on Gpatindia: Pharmacy Jobs, Admissions, Scholarships, Conference,Grants, Exam Alerts.
]]>• The botanical name of strophanthus is Strophanthus kombe oliv.
• The biological source of it is dried ripe seeds of it.
• It belongs to the apocynaceae plant family.
• It is also known as kombe seeds, strophanti semina, and semen strophanthi.
• The word ‘strophanthus’ is derived from greek word strophes which means a twisted cord or rope and anthos means a flower.
• The limb of corolla of its flower divided into five ,long and tail like segments.
• The shape of seeds are lance-ovoid.
• Seed is flattened and obtusely edged (7-29 mm in length and 4 mm in breadth).
• The thickness of seeds are upto 2 mm.
• Seeds are light flawn in color externally with a dinstict greenish tinge.
• A dense coating of flat-lying hairs is present at one side of seed.
• Fractures are short and soft .
• The color of fractured surface is white and oily in nature.
• Taste is bitter and odour is heavy.
• The chief chemical constituents of strophanthus are cardiac glycosides.
• The amount of cardiac glycosides present in strophanthus is 8-10%.
• K- strophanthin is the cardiac glycoside present in the strophanthus.
• It is the mixture of three glycosides which are cymarin, k-strophanthin, P and k – strophanthoside.
• It also contains a sugar cymarose that is methoxy digitoxose.
• Other chemical constituents are mucilage, resin and fixed oil.
• It also have choline, trigonelline and kombic acid.
• It has an effect on circulation in case of chronic heart weakness.
• It also has diuretic action.
• It helps to treat arteriosclerosis.
• It also used to treat hypertension.
• Various types of heart problem are treated by this.
• It has property of heart stimulant.
• It influence blood circulation in case of chronic heart weakness.
• Its pulp roots and bark are also used to treat malaria, dysentery and gonorrhea.
• It is also used to treat rheumatic afflictions.
• When it is applied externally, it is used to treat skin disease, leprosy and ulceration.
• Its bark or leaf sap also is used as an antidote against the effects of snakebites.
• In eyes, it is used to treat conjunctivitis.
• Leaf and stem has laxative properties and also used to treat fever.
• It is commonly adulterated by s. hispidus,s. nicholsoni, s.gratus, s. courmontii, s.emini and s. sarmentosus.
1. What is the botanical name of strophanthus?
(a) Dianthus chinensis
(b) Aubrieta deltoidea
(c) Lathyrus odoratus
(d) Strophanthus kombe oilv.
2. What is the biological source of strophanthus?
(a) Seeds
(b) Leaves
(c) Roots
(d) Bark
3. Match the following with respect to the chemical constituents of plants.
I. Vinca A. ephedrine
II. Ephedra B. vincristine
III. Cascara C. anthranol
IV. Strophanthus D. cymarin
(a) I-A,II-B,III-C,IV-D
(b) I-B,II-A,III-C,IV-D
(c) I-C,II-D,III-A,IV-B
(d) I-D,II-C,III-B,IV-A
4. Choose incorrect statement with respect to the medicinal uses of plants.
i. Opium is used to treat constipation.
ii. Cascara is used to treat jaundice.
iii. Strophanthus is used to treat asthma.
iv. Coca is used to treat anaesthesia.
(a) Both i and ii
(b) Only iii
(c) Only iv
(d) Both iii and iv
5. What is the chief chemical constituent of strophanthus.
(a) Strychnine
(b) K- strophanthin
(c) Cocaine
(d) Protopine
6. What is the shape of seeds of strophanthus?
(a) Lance-ovoid
(b) Fusiform
(c) Spheroid
(d) Clavate
7. Strophanthus has the main property of
(a) Antimicrobial
(b) Cardio tonic
(c) Anti-histaminic
(d) Anti- inflammatory
8. What are the adulterants of strophanthus?
(a) Strophanthus gratus
(b) Strophanthus courmontii
(c) Strophanthus hispidus
(d) All of the above
9. Strophanthus belongs to the which plant family?
(a) Apocynaceae
(b) Rubiaceae
(c) Liliaceae
(d) Loganiaceae
10. Strophanthus used to treat
(a) Arteriosclerosis
(b) Hypertension
(c) Conjunctivitis
(d) All of the above
1. (d)
2. (a)
3. (b)
4. (b)
5. (b)
6. (a)
7. (b)
8. (d)
9. (a)
10. (d)
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Evans W.C, Editors. Trease and Evans Pharmacognosy. New York, Saunders Elsevier; 2009, p. 304,308,322,490,516.
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]]>The post Aloe: Biological Sources, Morphological features, Medicinal Uses and MCQs appeared first on Gpatindia: Pharmacy Jobs, Admissions, Scholarships, Conference,Grants, Exam Alerts.
]]>• The botanical name of aloe is Aloe barbadensis miller.
• The biological source of aloe is dried latex of leaves of it.
• It is also known as curacao aloe, cape aloe and socotrine aloe.
• It belongs to the liliaceae family.
• It is a succulent plant.
• It is an evergreen perennial plant.
• It is an stem less or short stemmed plant.
• It grows upto 60-100 cm of height.
• Its leaves are thick and fleshy.
• They may be green to grey- green in color.
• Margin of leaves are serrated and it has small white teeth.
• The shape of leaves are rosette shape.
• Large amount of pulp is present in the parenchyma of leaves.
• The width of base is 10 cm.
• The size of flowers are 90 cm.
• Flowers have a yellow tubular corolla which is upro 2-3 cm.
• The color of flower is ranging from white to yellow to orange to near-red.
• Seeds are held in dry capsules.
• It has no calyx.
• Roots grow wide and not too deep in soil.
• Roots forms a arbuscular mycorrhiza.
• Fruits of aloe are triangular capsules.
• Seeds are winged.
3. Chemical constituents:
• The chief chemical constituent of aloe is aloe-emodin ,which occurs in free form .
• It is present as a glycoside in the various species of aloe.
• The amount of emodin present in curacao aloe is two and half times less than the amount present in cape-aloes.
• They also composed of anthrones and anthranols, which may be present in free or combined form as glycoside.
• It also contain isobarbaloin and resins.
• The active resin present in aloes is also known as aloesin.
• Other chemical constituents are volatile oil to some extent which is responsible of its characteristic odour.
• Gama- coniceine (piperidine) is also present in some species of aloe.
• It also contain amino acids, enzymes, vitamins and minerals.
• Sugars and hormones and salicylic acid is also present in aloe.
• Steroids are also present in aloe.
• It has purgative property.
• It is used to treat painful inflammatory manifestations.
• It is used as an ingredient in the preparation of compound tincture of benzoin or friar’s balsam.
• Aloe gel is used to treat and cure radiation burns to get immediate relief from itching and pains.
• It is usually applied with carminatives.
• It is an ingredient of lotions,yogurt and beverages and some desserts.
• It is used to treat skin wounds.
• It helps to reduce psoriasis and rosacea, warts.
• It also helps to reduce ageing and wrinkles.
• It also reduces eczema.
• It helps to improve flexibility.
• It also have body cell regeneration ability.
• It generate movement of bowel in the condition of constipation.
• Helps to heal insect bites, rashes, sores and fungal infection.
• It is used to treat herpes and urticaria and conjunctivitis.
• It is used to treat vaginal infection and allergic reactions.
• Its boiled juice is used to treat hair fall.
Common adulterants of aloe are maltodextrin, glucose, sucrose and glycerin.
It is also adulterated by malic acid.
1. What is the botanical name of aloe?
(a) Monarda didyma
(b) Gaillardia aristata
(c) Liatris spicata
(d) Aloe barbadensis miller
2. Aloe used as an ingredient in the formulation of
(a) Lotion
(b) Beverages
(c) desserts
(d) all of the above
3. Match the following with respect to the chemical constituents of plant.
I. Opium A. Anthranol
II. Ephedra B. protopine
III. Cascara C. ephedrine
IV. Aloe D.emodin
(a) I-A,II-B,III-C,IV-D
(b) I-B,II-C,III-A,IV-D
(c) I-B,II-A,III-C,IV-D
(d) I-C,II-B,III-D,IV-C
4. Choose incorrect statement with respect to the medicinal uses of plants.
i. Cascara is used to treat constipation.
ii. Digitalis is used to treat congestive heart failure.
iii. Aloe is used to treat syphilis.
iv. Ipecac has emetic property.
(a) Both i and ii
(b) Only iii
(c) Both iii and iv
(d) Only ii
5. What is the chief chemical constituent of aloe?
(a) Vincristine
(b) Strychnine
(c) Protopine
(d) Emodine
6. Which of the following is an adulterant of aloe?
(a) Malic acid
(b) Glucose
(c) Indigo dye
(d) Both a and b
7. Leaves of aloe are
(a) Rosette shape
(b) Thick
(c) Fleshy
(d) All of the above
8. Aloe belongs to which plant family?
(a) Apocynaceae
(b) Liliaceae
(c) Rubiaceae
(d) Solaneacae
9. Aloe is used to treat
(a) Vaginal infection
(b) Allergic reaction
(c) Herpes
(d) All of the above
10. What are the chemical constituents of aloe?
(a) Amino acids
(b) Enzymes
(c) Minerals
(d) All of the above
1. (d)
2. (d)
3. (b)
4. (b)
5. (d)
6. (d)
7. (d)
8. (b)
9. (d)
10. (d)
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Evans W.C, Editors. Trease and Evans Pharmacognosy. New York, Saunders Elsevier; 2009, p. 246,491.
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]]>The post Quassia : Biological source, Medicinal Uses, Morphological features and MCQs appeared first on Gpatindia: Pharmacy Jobs, Admissions, Scholarships, Conference,Grants, Exam Alerts.
]]>• The botanical name of quassia is Picrasma excelsa.
• The biological source of quassia is dried stem of wood.
• It belongs to the simarubaceae plant family.
• It is also known as quassia wood, bitter wood and bharangi .
• The size of stem is variable.
• The color is yellowish white.
• The surface have false annual rings.
• It is odourless.
• The taste is bitter.
• The shape is rasping, shaving or chips are planoconvex and concave-convex.
• It contain 40 species of shrubs and trees.
• On contact with air,the color of stem changes to yellow.
• Its cork easily detaches from phloem.
• It is a slow growing tree having twigy limbs.
• It grows upto 6 meters.
• Pinnets are present with 3-5 leaflets and deep veined.
• Leaves are polished alternated and color is dark green.
• Leaves are 15-25 cm long .
• Leaves are distinctive for their broadly winged axis and reddish veins.
• Rachis of leaves are winged.
• Panicles have terminal red- branched racemes which are 10-30 cm long.
• Flowers are narrow and vivid.
• The color of flowers are crimson.
• Size of flowers are 2.5-3.5 cm long.
• The shape of 5 petals are lanceolate.
• Petals are remain closed and form sharpening cylinder.
• Flowers grow in a panicle which are 15 -25 cm long.
• Flowers are fragile.
• The shape of fruit elliptical.
• Fruits are purple in color and drupe.
• Fruits are 0.8-1.5 cm long.
• Fruits turned red at maturity.
• In every fruit a small seedling is present.
• The chief chemical constituent of quassia is quassin, picrasmin or isoquassin and neoquassin(terpenoid).
• Other chemical constituents are scopoletin and cathine-6 –one.
• it also contain 18-hydroxyquassin.
• Other compounds are beta-carbolines, beta-sitostenone and beta-sitosterol.
• It also contain malic acid, gallic acid, gentisic acid and isoparain.
• Isoparaines , methylcanthins and methoxycanthins are also present in quassia.
• Parain and paraines , quassialactol and simalikalactone are also in quassia.
• It also contain gummy extractive pectin and volatile oil.
• It have tartrate and sulphate of lime and also chlorides of calcium and sodium.
• Various types of salts are also present in quassia ,such as oxalate and ammoniacal salt.
• Nitrate of potash and sulphate of soda also present in quassia.
• It is a bitter tonic.
• It has insecticide property. e.g. aphids, Colorado potato beetle.
• It has anthelmintic property.
• It helps to treat measles, diarrhea and fever.
• It is used to treat lice.
• It has antifungal property.
• It also have antitumor, antifertility property.
• It has antileukemic activity.
• It has stomachic property.
• It is a vermicide and it is slight narcotic.
• It is used in convalescence.
• It is used to treat atonic dyspepsia.
• The picrosma excelsa species of quassia is adulterated by quassia amara and bruise antidysentrica.
1. What is the botanical name of quassia?
(a) Basella rubra
(b) Liatris spicata
(c) Monarda didyma
(d) Picrasma excelsa
2. Quassia belongs to which plant family?
(a) Rubiaceae
(b) Liliaceae
(c) Simarubaceae
(d) Solanicaeae
3. Match the following with respect to the chemical constituent of plants.
I. Opium A. strychnine
II. Kurchi B. protopine
III. Nux vomica C. scopoletin
IV. Quassia D. connesine
(a) I-A,II-B,III-C,IV-D
(b) I-B,II-A,III-D,IV-C
(c) I-C,II-D,III-A,IV-B
(d) I-D,II-C,III-B,IV-A
4. Choose incorrect statement with respect to the medicinal uses of plants.
i. Kurchi is used to treat diarrhea.
ii. Senna is used to treat chronic constipation.
iii. Digitalis is used to treat congestive heart failure.
iv. Quassia is used to treat congestive heart failure.
(a) Both i and ii
(b) Only iv
(c) Both iii and iv
(d) Only i
5. Which is the common adulterant of quassia?
(a) Indigo dye
(b) Wrightia tinctori
(c) Quassia amara
(d) Primrose leaves
6. Quassia have properties of
(a) Stomachic
(b) Antifungal
(c) Antitumor
(d) All of the above
7. What is the length of quassia leaves ?
(a) 25-30 cm
(b) 15-25 cm
(c) 10-12 cm
(d) 5-6 cm
8. What is the main chemical constituent of quassia?
(a) Vincristine
(b) Ephredrine
(c) Quassine
(d) Strychnine
9. Quassia is used to treat which disease?
(a) Diabetes
(b) Jaundice
(c) Asthama
(d) Atonic dyspepsia
10. Which property quassia do not contain
(a) Antihypertensive
(b) Antileukemic
(c) Antifertility
(d) Antihelmintic
For More Standard and Quality Question Bank you can Join Our Test Series Programme for GPAT, NIPER JEE, Pharmacist Recruitment Exam, Drug Inspector Recruitment Exams, PhD Entrance Exam for Pharmacy
1. (d)
2. (c)
3. (b)
4. (b)
5. (c)
6. (d)
7. (b)
8. (c)
9. (d)
10. (a)
• Evans W.C, Editors. Trease and Evans Pharmacognosy. New York , Saunders Elsevier; 2009, p.344, 489.
• Shah Biren and Seth A.K. , Textbook of pharmacognosy and phytochemistry. New Delhi, Saunders Elsevier; I edition, 2010, p. 278.
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]]>The post Senna: Biological sources, Medicinal Uses, Morphological Features, and MCQs appeared first on Gpatindia: Pharmacy Jobs, Admissions, Scholarships, Conference,Grants, Exam Alerts.
]]>• The botanical name of senna Cassia senna L.
• The biological source of senna is dried leaflets of it.
• It belongs to the leguminosae plant family.
• It is also known as senna leaf, sennae folium, tinnevelly senna.
• The shape of leaves are lanceole .
• Leaves are entire, apex is acute with a spine at the top.
• Leaflets have asymmetrical base with transverse lines.
• Transverse lines are more prominent on lower surface.
• On leaves, trichomes are present on both the surface.
• The color of leaves are yellowish-green.
• Odour is slight and unpleasant.
• The taste of leaves are mucilaginous, bitter and characteristic.
• The size of of leaves are 7 to 8 mm in width and 25 to 60 mm in length.
• These plants are small shrubs which grows upto 1 m of height.
• Its leaflets bear stout petiolules.
• Lamina of leaves have entire margin.
• The surface of leaves are pubescent.
• These shrubs are low branching shrubs and it have a straight woody stem .
• The color of flowers ate yellow.
• The chief chemical constituents of seena are 2 anthraquinone glycosides which is known as crystalline sennoside A and sennoside B, which is present less than 2.5%.
• Rhein and aloe- emodin is present in senna.
• Sennoside A and sennoside B are stereo isomers of each other.
• In sennoside A ,aglycone is present in dextro – rotatory form and in sennoside B, aglycone is present in meso form.
• Two naphthalene glycosides are also present in senna leaves.
• Calcium oxalate is also present as a chemical constituent in senna leaves.
• Volatile substance which is strongly aromatic dark coloured essential oil is also present in senna.
• A yellow flavonol colouring matters kaempferin and its glycoside and isorhamnetin also present in senna.
• Sterol and its glucoside is also present in senna.
• Monoterpenes and phenylpropanes ,fatty acids and esters are also present in senna.
• Mucilage and resin is present senna.
• Water soluble polysaccharides are also present in senna.
• Senna has purgative property.
• It helps to increase peristalsis movement which also causes reduction in water absorption.
• It has cathartic property.
• It is used to treat chronic constipation.
• It also has laxative property and senna is FDA- approved over –the- counter(OTC) laxative.
• It is used to treat irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and anal or rectal surgery.
• It is used to treat hemorrhoids and weight loss.
• It is an effective laxative in the condition of pregnancy and lactation.
• Dog senna , palthe senna and mecca or Arabian and Bombay senna are common adulterants of senna.
1. What is the botanical name of senna?
(a) Cassia senna L.
(b) Rudbeckia hirta
(c) Physalis franchetti
(d) Basella rubra
2. Senna belongs to which plant family?
(a) Rubiaceae
(b) Liliaceae
(c) Laguminosae
(d) Solaniaceae
3. Match following with respect to the chemical constituents of plants.
I. Ipecac A. purpurea A
II. Kurchi B. sennoside A
III. Digitalis C. conessine
IV. Senna D. emetine
(a) I- A,II-B,III-C,IV-D
(b) I-D,II-C,III-A,IV-B
(c) I-B,II-A,III-C,IV-D
(d) I-C,II-D,III-B,IV-A
4. Choose incorrect statement with respect to the medicinal uses of plants.
I. Squill is used to treat chronic bronchitis.
II. Duboisea is used to treat parkinsonism.
III. Thevetia is used to treat rheumatism.
IV. Senna is used to treat diabetes.
(a) Both I and II
(b) Only II
(c) Both III and IV
(d) Only IV
5. What is the shape of leaves of senna?
(a) Needle shape
(b) Lanceole shape
(c) Obovate shape
(d) Cordate shape
6. What is the chief chemical constituent of senna?
(a) Emetine
(b) Aloe-emodine
(c) Sennoside A
(d) Thevetin A
7. What is the common adulterant of seena?
(a) Indigo dye
(b) Malic acid
(c) Dog senna
(d) All of the above
8. Senna is used to treat
(a) Diabetes
(b) Cancer
(c) Constipation
(d) All of the above
9. Palthe senna is an adulterant of which plant?
(a) Vinca
(b) Senna
(c) Strophanthus
(d) Ipecac
10. Senna is used to treat which syndrome?
(a) Acquired immune deficiency syndrome
(b) Irritable bowel syndrome
(c) Ackerman syndrome
(d) Cohen syndrome
1. (a)
2. (c)
3. (b)
4. (d)
5. (b)
6. (c)
7. (c)
8. (c)
9. (b)
10. (b)
Evans W.C, Editors. Trease and Evans Pharmacognosy. New York, Saunders Elsevier; 2009, p. 237,238.
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]]>The post Digitalis: Biological sources,Medicinal Uses, Morphological features and MCQs appeared first on Gpatindia: Pharmacy Jobs, Admissions, Scholarships, Conference,Grants, Exam Alerts.
]]>• The botanical name of digitais is Digitalis pupurea.
• The biological source of digitalis is its dried leaves.
• It belongs to the scrophulariaceae plant family.
• It is also known as foxglove leaves, digitalis leaves.
• Color is dark grayish green.
• It is odourless.
• Taste is distinctly bitter.
• Length is 10-30 cm and width is 4-10 cm.
• Shape is may be ovate,lanceolate or petiolate.
• Margin of leaves are crenate or dentate.
• Base of leaves are decurrent or dentate.
• Apex is subacute.
• Both surfaces of leaves are pubescent.
• Generally it appears broken or crimped.
• The upper surface of leaves slightly pubescent and dark green in color.
• It is little wrinkled and one water pore is present near each tooth.
• Lower surface is grayish green and it is very pubescent.
• Venation is pinnate and mid-rib.
• Petiole is winged and 2.5 to 10 cm long.
3. Chemical constituents:
• The main chemical constituents of digitalis are primary and secondary glycosides.
• The amount is 0.2-0.45% which is present in digitalis.
• Purpurea glycosides A and B(active chemical constituents), glucogetaloxin are the primary glycosides which are present in digitali.
• Digitoxin, gitoxin and getaloxin are the secondary glycosides present in digitalis.
• It also contain odoroside H.
• Verodoxin is also present in it.
• Is also consist of anthraquinones derivatives such as digitolutin, methoxy-2 methyl anthraquinones.
• It also contain saponin and flavonoids as chemical constituents.
• Tannins and pectin also present in it in small amount.
• It is used to treat congestive heart failure.
• It helps in more powerful contractions of heart and increase excitability of cardiac muscle.
• It has a good effect on kidney which results in diuresis and loss of oedema.
• It has cardiotinic property.
• It is also used to treat arterial flutter and trial fibrillation.
• It is used to treat peroxymal atrial tachycardia.
Digitalis adulterated by the mullein leaves, comfrey leaves and primrose leaves.
1. What is the botanical name of digitalis?
(a) Digitalis pupurea
(b) Gaillardia aristata
(c) Dicenta spectabilis
(d) Liatris spicata
2. What is the biological source of digitalis?
(a) Seeds
(b) Leaves
(c) Roots
(d) Bark
3. Match the following with respect to the chemical constituents of plants.
I. Cascara A. cocaine
II. Coca B. vincristine
III. Vinca C. purpurea A
IV. Digitalis D. anthranol
(a) I-A,II-B,III-C,IV-D
(b) I-B,II-C,III-D,IV-A
(c) I-D,II-A,III-B,IV-C
(d) I-C,II-D,III-A,IV-B
4. Choose incorrect statement with respect to the medicinal uses of plants.
I. Vinca is used to treat cancer.
II. Digitalis is used to treat gonorrhea.
III. Cascara is used to treat constipation.
IV. Squill is used to treat heart problems.
(a) Both I and II
(b) Both III and IV
(c) Only II
(d) Both II and IV
5. Digitalis belongs to which plant family?
(a) Apocynaceae
(b) Solaniaceae
(c) Scrophulariaceae
(d) Loganiaceae
6. what are the adulterants of digitalis?
(a) Mullein leaves
(b) Comfrey leaves
(c) Primrose leaves
(d) All of the above
7. What is the main property of digitalis?
(a) Antiseptic
(b) Anti-inflammatory
(c) Cardio tonic
(d) All of the above
8. Length of leaves of digitalis is
(a) 20-30 cm
(b) 10-30 cm
(c) 30-40 cm
(d) 10-20 cm
9. What is the main chemical constituent of digitalis?
(a) Verodoxin
(b) Odoroside H
(c) Saponin
(d) Purpurea A and B
10. Digitalis used to treat
(a) Tachycardia
(b) Congestive heart failure
(c) Arterial flutter
(d) All of the above
1. (a)
2. (b)
3. (c)
4. (c)
5. (c)
6. (d)
7. (c)
8. (b)
9. (d)
10. (d)
Evans W.C, Editors. Trease and Evans Pharmacognosy. New York , Saunders Elsevier; 2009, p.108,111,322,325.
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]]>The post Cascara: Biological source,morphological features and MCQs appeared first on Gpatindia: Pharmacy Jobs, Admissions, Scholarships, Conference,Grants, Exam Alerts.
]]>• The biological source of cascara is the dried bark .
• The botanical name of Rhamnus purshiana.
• It is also known as cascara bark, chittem bark and cascara sagrada.
• It belongs to the rhamnaceae.
• It has a characteristic nauseous odour.
• The taste is bitter.
• The thickness of it is 1 to 4 mm with varying size.
• The shape is small,single quills and also channelled.
• The external color of it is purplish brown and internally it is reddish brown in color.
• This tree is about 6-12 m.
• The outer surface is smooth with transversely elongated lenticels.
• The inner surface is definite fine longitudinal striations and faint transverse corrugation.
• The fractures are short and granular from outside in shape.
• Fractures are fibrous in the phloem region.
• It is a large shrub or small tree.
• The diameter of trunk 20-50 cm.
• Leaves are simple and arrangement is alternate.
• Leaves are deciduous.
• Leaves are clustered near the ends of twigs.
• The shape of leaves are oval and 5-15 cm long and 2-5 cm broad with a 0.6-2 cm petiole.
• Leaves are shiny and green on top and dull and paler green below.
• Leaves have tiny teeth on the margins and parallel veins.
• The size of flowers 4-5 mm (diameter).
• It have five greenish yellow petals and forms a cup shape.
• The fruit are drupe and 6-10 mm in diameter.
• Fruits are bright red at first and at maturity it have deep purple or black.
• Fruits contain a yellow pulp.
• Fruit two or three hard or smooth seeds.
• The color of seeds are olive green or black.
• The chief chemical constituent of cascara is anthranol and its derivatives.
• It also contain o- glycoside and c-glycoside.
• These glycosides are also known as cascarasides A,B,C and D.
• It is composed of barbaloin and charysaloin.
• O- glycosides are fragula emodin oxathrone glucoside.
• It also contain homodianthrone of emodine,aloe-emodine and chrysophenol.
• Examples of heterodianthrone are palmidin A,B and C.
• It also contain emodin,aloe-emodin and chrysophenol as free aglycone.
• It is majorly used due to its cathartic property because it promotes active movement of bowels.
• it restores the natural tone of colon.
• It is also used as a dietary supplement.
• It is used as a gentle laxative.
• It is used to treat chronic constipation.
• It also have tonic properties.
• It promotes gastric digestion and appetite.
• It is also used to treat haemorrhoids and liver problems.
• It is used to treat jaundice.
The other species of Rhamus purshiana is Rhamus californica. The medullary rays are two in purshiana species and calcifornica species contain three or more rays.
1. What is the botanical name of cascara?
(a) Rhamus purshiana
(b) Liatris spicata
(c) Asciepias tuberose
(d) Celosia cristata
2. What is the biological source of cascara?
(a) Leaves
(b) Bark
(c) Stems
(d) Roots
3. Match the following with respect to the chemical constituents of plants.
i. Vinca A.Cocaine
ii. Coca B. Vincristine
iii. Cascara C. Ephedrine
iv. Ephedra D. anthranol
(a) i-A,ii-B,iii-C,iv-D
(b) i-B,ii-A,iii-D,iv-C
(c) i-C,ii-B,iii-D,iv-A
(d) i-D,ii-C,iii-B,iv-A
4. Choose incorrect statement with respect to the medicinal uses of plants?
i. Vinca is used to treat cancer.
ii. Coca is used to get rid from hunger and fatigue.
iii. Cascara is used to treat cancer.
iv. Nux vomica is used to treat cardiac failure.
(a) Both i and ii
(b) Only iii
(c) Both iii and iv
(d) Only iv
5. Anthranol is the chief chemical constituent of which plant?
(a) Vinca
(b) Kurchi
(c) Coca
(d) Cascara
6. Leaves of cascara are
(a) Paler green below
(b) Alternate in arrangement
(c) Deciduous
(d) All of the above
7. What are the chemical constituents of cascara?
(a) O- glycoside
(b) C- glycoside
(c) Aloe-emodin
(d) All of the above
8. Cascara contain large amount of which constituent?
(a) O- glycoside
(b) C-glycoside
(c) Emodine
(d) Palmidin
9. Cascara is used as
(a) Antiseptic
(b) Laxative
(c) Analgesic
(d) Sedative
10. Cascara belongs to which plant family?
(a) Rhamnaceae
(b) Solaneaceae
(c) Rubiaceae
(d) Loganiaceae
1. (a)
2. (b)
3. (b)
4. (b)
5. (d)
6. (d)
7. (d)
8. (b)
9. (b)
10. (a)
Evans W.C, Editors. Trease and Evans Pharmacognosy. New York , Saunders Elsevier; 2009, p.241.
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]]>The post Thevetia: Biological Sources,Morphological features, Medicinal Uses and MCQs appeared first on Gpatindia: Pharmacy Jobs, Admissions, Scholarships, Conference,Grants, Exam Alerts.
]]>• The botanical name of thevetia is Thevetia nerifolia.
• The biological source of thevetia is its dried seeds.
• It belongs to the apocynaceae plant family.
• It is also knows as yellow oleander, lucky nut tree and trumphet flower.
• The color is green to greenish black.
• It has no specific odour.
• The taste is bitter.
• The shape is oblong.
• It is a flowering plant.
• It is evergreen shrub or small tree.
• Leaves are willow like and linear-lanceolate.
• Leaves are covered with waxy coating i.e. to reduce water loss.
• The shape of flower is long funnel shaped .
• Flowers are in few-flowered terminal clusters.
• The color of fruit is deep red to black .
• It is upto 8 m tall.
• Leaves are arranged spirally, simple and entire.
• Leaves are almost sessile and stipules are absent.
• Apex is long acuminate and leathery.
• Inflorescence a terminal or seemingly axillary cyme.
• Flowers are bisexual and regular and faintly fragrant.
• Pedicels are 1-2 cm long and sepals ovate.
• Corolla tube is of trumpet shaped and 35-45 cm long.
• Seedling with epigeal germination.
• Seeds are obovoid.
• Seeds are flattened.
• It is mainly contain cardioactive glycosides which are thevetin A and B.
• Thevetin B is also known as cerebroside.
• It also contain peruvoside, nessifolin and thevenenin(ruvoside).
• It also contain sugar as chemical constituent in the form of L-thevetose and D- glucose.
• Paste of roots are applied on the tumors.
• Seed part is used in the treatment of rheumatism and dropsy.
• It also have abortifacient and puragative properties.
• They may be toxic in nature.
• It is also used as insecticide, fungicide and bactericides.
• Its therapeutic effect is high as compare to the digoxin.
• It have gastric or cardiac toxic effects .
• Its tincture is used as a cathartic and emetic .
• It used as heart strengthening.
• It also has anti-termite property.
• It has a good effect on intermittent fevers.
• It is used to treat amenorrhoea.
• It is used as eye drops or nasal drops in violent headaches.
• It leaves are crushed to treat cold.
• Its seed oil applied externally to treat skin infections.
• Roots are used to treat snakebites.
• It is majorly used in pest control.
Peruvoside is the common adulterant of thevetia.
1. What is the botanical name of thevetia?
(a) Thevetia nerifolia
(b) Lobularia maritima
(c) Liatris spicata
(d) Basella rubra
2. What is the biological source of thevetia?
(a) Leaves
(b) Seeds
(c) Flowers
(d) Bark
3. Match the following with respect to the chemical constituent of plant.
I. Nux vomica A. Cocaine
II. Coca B.vincristine
III. Vinca C. strychnine
IV. Thevetia D. Thevetin A
(a) I-A,II-B,III-C,IV-D
(b) I-B,II-A,III-C,IV-D
(c) I-C,II-A,III-B,IV-D
(d) I-D,II-C,III-A,IV-B
4. Choose incorrect statement with respect to the medicinal use of the plants.
i. Duboisea is used to treat asthma.
ii. Nux vomica is used to treat constipation.
iii. Thevetia is used to treat cancer.
iv. Cascara is used to treat constipation.
(a) Both i and ii
(b) Only iii
(c) Both ii and iii
(d) Only iv
5. What is the chief chemical constituent of thevetia?
(a) Thevetin A
(b) Ephedrine
(c) Vincristine
(d) Cocaine
6. Leaves of thevetia plant are
(a) Sessile
(b) Stipules are absent
(c) Liner-lanceolate
(d) All of the above
7. Thevetia used in the treatment of
(a) Jaundice
(b) Rheumatism
(c) Caner
(d) All of the above
8. What is the common adulterant of thevetia?
(a) Indigo dye
(b) Methylene blue dye
(c) Crystal violet
(d) Peruvoside
9. Thevetia belongs to the which plant family?
(a) Apocynaceae
(b) Rubiaceae
(c) Solaniaceae
(d) Loganiaceae
10. Thevetia used as
(a) Pest controller
(b) Anti-inflammatory
(c) Anti-histaminic
(d) All of the above
1. (a)
2. (b)
3. (c)
4. (b)
5. (a)
6. (d)
7. (b)
8. (d)
9. (a)
10. (a)
Evans W.C, Editors. Trease and Evans Pharmacognosy , New York, Saunders Elsevier; 2009, p.322,329.
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]]>The post Duboisea: Biological Source, Medicinal Uses, Morphological Features and MCQs appeared first on Gpatindia: Pharmacy Jobs, Admissions, Scholarships, Conference,Grants, Exam Alerts.
]]>• The botanical name of duboisea is Duboisia myoporoides.
• The biological source of duboisea is its dried leaves.
• It belongs to the solanaceae family.
• It is also known as corkwood and cork tree.
• It is a perennial shrub having height upto 3m.
• Sometimes it may be a small tree with brown to purplish bark on the young stem.
• Its older bark is corky.
• Leaves are alternate in arrangement and 15 cm long.
• Leaves are narrow having recurved point and straight margins.
• Flowers are present at the end of the braches
• Fruit contain 1-2 seeds in the dark pulp.
• Leaves are bitter in taste .
• It has extremely light wood .
• Its bark is corky and thick.
• The shape of leaves are elliptical and leaves are glabrous.
• Inflorescence is an open cymose panicle of apically small white flowers.
• Fruits are black in color and juicy berry.
• The chief chemical constituents of duboisea are scopolamine and atropine.
• Hyoscyamine present in duboisea which is during extraction convert into atropine.
• Norhyoscyamine, tigloidine, valtropine and tiglyoxytropine also present in duboisea as chemical constituents.
• Atropines are colourless crystals having a bitter taste and have no odour.
• Nicotine and nonnicotine are the chief chemical constituents of duboisea.
• It is upto 25% of the dried weight of the plant material.
• Sulphate and alkaloids are also present in it and used as a substitute of atropine.
• It has parasympatholytic activity due to presence of atropine.
• On central medullary and on higher nerve centers, it causes stimulant action.
• It is used as an antidote for pilocarpine, physostigmine and other choline esters.
• It helps to relieve bronchial spasms in asthma.
• It is used to treat peptic ulcer as it suppresses the secretion of gastric juice.
• It is used in ophthalmic practice due to its dilatory action on pupil of the eye.
• It also used to treat parkinsonism as it reduces rigidity and tremor.
• Due to presence of scopolamine it is used to treat air and sea sickness and also it helps to treat stomach ulcers.
• It has sedative,hypnotic and mydriatic properties.
• It has an action on respiratory system.
• It is antidote by coffee and lemon juice.
• It is used in eye infection and also in paralysis.
1. What is the botanical name of duboisea?
(a) Sedum acre
(b) Capsicum annuum
(c) Symplocarpus foetidus
(d) Duboisia myoporoides
2. What is the biological source of duboisea?
(a) Roots
(b) Barks
(c) Leaves
(d) Stems
3. Match the following with respect to the chemical constituents of plants.
i. Coca A. caffeine
ii. Coffee B. cocaine
iii. Nux vomica C. atropine
iv. Duboisea D. strychnine
(a) i-B,ii-A,iii-D,iv-C
(b) i-A,ii-B,iii-C,iv-D
(c) i-C,ii-D,iii-B,iv-A
(d) i-D,ii-C,iii-A,iv-B
4. Choose incorrect statement with respect to the medicinal uses of duboisea.
I. Coca is used as muscle stimulant.
II. Ipecac is used amoebic dysentery.
III. Spearmint has insecticide property.
IV. Duboisea is used to treat cancer.
(a) Only I
(b) Both I and IV
(c) Only III
(d) Only IV
5. What is the height of duboisea shrub?
(a) 2m
(b) 4m
(c) 3m
(d) 2-3m
6. What are the characteristics of leaves of duboisea?
(a) Alternate in arrangement
(b) 15 cm long
(c) Have straight margins
(d) All of the above
7. What is the chief chemical constituent of duboisea?
(a) Scopolamine
(b) Atropine
(c) Vincristine
(d) Both a and b
8. Duboisea is used to treat
(a) Asthma
(b) Peptic ulcer
(c) Parkinsonism
(d) All of the above
9. What is the shape of leaves of duboisea?
(a) Palm shape
(b) Needle shape
(c) Elliptical shape
(d) Orbicular shape
10. What are the chemical constituents of duboisea?
(a) Valtropine
(b) Tigloidine
(c) Atropines
(d) All of the above
ANSWERS:
1. (d)
2. (c)
3. (a)
4. (d)
5. (c)
6. (d)
7. (d)
8. (d)
9. (c)
10. (d)
REFERENCE:
Evans W. C, Editors. Trease and Evans Pharmacognosy. New York, Saunders Elsevier, 2009, p. 490,535.
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]]>The post Stramonium: biological source,morphological features, Medicinal uses and MCQs appeared first on Gpatindia: Pharmacy Jobs, Admissions, Scholarships, Conference,Grants, Exam Alerts.
]]>• The botanical name of stramonium is Datura stramonium.
• It is also known as devil’s snare and jimsonweed.
• It belongs to the solanaceae family.
• The biological source are dried leaves and flowering tops.
• It is an annual plant.
• The stem is herbaceous , branched and glabrous or only lightly hairy.
• Branhing Stems are pale yellowish to green in color and spreading.
• Stems are leafy,stout, erect and smooth.
• Stems are branched repeatedly in a forked manner.
• It have hairy and big leaves.
• Leaves are simple dentate and the shape of leaves are oval.
• Leaves are glabrous and have opposite veins.
• Veins of leaves are pale black in color and stalked,4-6 inches long.
• leaves are pale green in color.
• The upper surface of leaves is dark and grayish green and smooth.
• The under surface of it is paler and on drying, minutely wrinkled.
• It bears funnel shaped flowers.
• Flowers are white or purple in color containg 5 stamens and superior ovary.
• Ovary is upto 3 inches long.
• The calyx of flower is long and tubular.
• Calyx is swollen below and very sharply five angled surmounted by five sharp teeth.
• The corolla of flower is funnel shaped.
• The stem stalk is pale blue or greenish white in color.
• Seeds are black and the shape of seeds are kidney shaped.
• Seeds are flat.
• Fruits of it are as large walnuts and they are full of throns.
• It grows upto 1.5m tall.
• Its odour is unplesent and the taste is bitter.
• It requires sunlight to grow and it prefers neutral or basic and dry soils.
• On ripening fruit opens into 4 compartments.
• The chemical constituent of stramonium is alkaloids and it contain 0.5% of total alkaloids.
• Hyoscine is the main alkaloid work as chief chemical constituents.
• Atropine is also present in it but in very less amount.
• It contains scopolamine and other tropanes.
• Atropine is an antimuscarinic agent i.e. competitively binds with muscarinic receptors.
• Scopolamine commonly used to prevent motion sickness.
• It have parasympatholytic and anticholinergic properties .
• It has CNS depressant effects.
• It is used to treat asthma.
• It is also used in cerebral excitement.
• It is also used to treat cough.
• It is aphrodisiac.
• It is used as wound and burn healer.
• It is used to treat colds.
• It is also used to treat epilepsy and acute mania.
• it is used to prevent motion sickness.
• It blocks short –term memory.
• It is used as gastrointestinal and urinary antispasmodic.
• It is used to treat tuberculosis and bronchitis by smoking dried leaves.
• It is used as a sedative .
Tropane alkaloids are used as an adulterant of stramonium.
1. What is the botanical name of stramonium?
(a) Dianthus deltoids
(b) Sanvitalia procumbens
(c) Antirrhinum majus
(d) Datura stramonium
2. What is the biological source of stramonium?
(a) Leaves
(b) Flowers
(c) Root
(d) Both a and b
3. Stramonium belongs to which family?
(a) Rubiaceae
(b) Solanaceae
(c) Liliaceae
(d) Acanthaceae
4. Match the following with respect chemical constituent of plant.
i. Ephedra A. vincristine
ii. Vinca B. ephedrine
iii. Opium C. hyoscine
iv. Stramonium D. Protopine
(a) i- A,ii-B,iii-C,iv-D
(b) i-B,ii-A,iii-D,iv-C
(c) i-B,ii-A,iii-D,iv-C
(d) i-C,ii-D,iii-B,iv-A
5. choose incorrect statement with respect to the medicinal uses of plants.
i. Nux vomica is used to treat chronic constipation.
ii. Coca is used to get relieve from hunger and fatigue.
iii. Stramonium is used to treat epilepsy.
iv. Kurchi is used to jaundice.
(a) Only i
(b) Both ii and iv
(c) Only iv
(d) Only ii
6. Leaves of stramonium are
(a) Simple dentate
(b) Oval shape
(c) Pale green in color
(d) All of the above
7. Flowers of stramonium are
(a) White or purple in color
(b) Funnel shaped
(c) Ovary is upto 3 inches
(d) All of the above
8. Starmonium used to treat
(a) Epilepsy
(b) Cough
(c) Asthma
(d) All of the above
9. What are the chemical constituents of stramonium?
(a) Hyoscine
(b) Scopolamine
(c) Atropine
(d) All of the above
10. What is the common adulterant of atramonium?
(a) Methylene blue dye
(b) Indigo dye
(c) Essential oil
(d) Tropane alkaloids
ANSWERS:
1. (d)
2. (d)
3. (b)
4. (c)
5. (c)
6. (d)
7. (d)
8. (d)
9. (d)
10. (d)
REFERENCE:
Evans W.C, Editors. Trease and Evans Pharmacognosy , New York, Saunders, Elsevier;2009, p. 490,493.
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]]>The post Coca: Biological Source, Medicinal Uses, Morphological features and MCQ appeared first on Gpatindia: Pharmacy Jobs, Admissions, Scholarships, Conference,Grants, Exam Alerts.
]]>• It belongs to the erythroxylaceae.
• The botanical name of coca is Erythroxylon coca lam.
• The biological source of coca is its dried leaves.
• It is also known as cuca,cocaine,folium cocae and bolivian coca.
• The color of leaves are brownish to green.
• The shape of leaves are oval.
• Leaves are glabrous.
• It have a bitter taste.
• It is 3-8 cm long and 1.5-4 cm wide.
• Erythroxylon truxillense ,another species of coca contain elliptical shaped leaves and they are pale green in color.
• This plant resembles a blackthorn bush having height upto 2-3 m .
• The branches of coca are straight .
• Leaves contain a green tint and they are taper at the extremities.
• In leaf an areolated portion is bounded by two longitudinal curved lines, one line on each side of the midrib and more conspicuous on the under face of the leaf.
• Flowers are small in size and they are disposed in little clusters on short stalks.
• Corolla of flowers of is composed of five yellowish – white petals.
• The of anthers is heart –shaped and pistil contain 3 carples united to form a three-chambered ovary.
• At maturation flowers turn into red berries.
• The major chemical constituent of coca is alkaloids and it is about 0.7-1.5% of total alkaloids.
• It is consist of cocaine, cinnamyl cocaine and alpha-truxilline or cocamine.
• In java coca, tropacocaine and 4 crystalline glucosides are present in addition with other chemical constituents.
• Cinnamylcocaine is the chief chemical constituent of coca.
• Hygrine, hygroline, cuscohygrine , dihydrocuscohygrine and tropacocaine also isolated from the leaves of coca.
• They also contain cocatannica acid.
• 1- hydroxytropacocaine is the largely isolated chemical constituent from the E. novogranatense species.
• Essential oil also present in coca .
•
• The major chemical constituent of coca, cocaine has stimulant action on CNS.
• Leaves are used to relieve from hunger and fatigue.
• Coca leaves are used as stimulant of cerebral area and muscle stimulant.
• It is especially used during convalescence, to get rid from nausea, vomiting and pains of stomach without upsetting the digestion.
• It also has local anesthetic action on skin and mucous membrane.
• It is used as dental anesthesia and in minor local surgery of eye, ear, nose and throat.
• The chemical structure of cocaine lead many synthetic anesthetics like anesthesia, Novocain and stovain.
Jaborandi leaves are the common adulterants of coca leaves.
1. What is the botanical name of coca?
(a) Schizzanthus wisetonensis
(b) Dianthus barbatus
(c) Lupinus texensis
(d) Erythroxylon coca Lam.
2. What is the biological source of coca?
(a) Root
(b) Leaves
(c) Flowers
(d) Bark
3. Match the following with respect to the chemical constituents of the plants.
I. Vinca A. ephedrine
II. Ephedra B. Vincristine
III. Nux vomica C. Strychnine
IV. Coca D. cinnamylcocaine
(a) I-A,II-B,III-C,IV-D
(b) I-B,II-A,III-C,IV-D
(c) I-C,II-D,III-A,IV-B
(d) I-D,II-C,III-B,IV-A
4. Choose incorrect statement with respect to the medicinal uses of plants.
i. Coca is used to treat jaundice.
ii. Cinchona is used to treat malaria.
iii. Opium is used to treat constipation.
iv. Vinca is used to treat lymphomas.
(a) Only i
(b) Both i and ii
(c) Only iii
(d) Both i and iv
5. What is the common adulterant of coca leaves?
(a) Gypsum
(b) Indigo dye
(c) Methylene blue dye
(d) Jaborandi leaves
6. What is the shape of leaves of coca?
(a) Palm shape
(b) Needle shape
(c) Oval shape
(d) Linear shape
7. Leaves of coca are
(a) Glabrous
(b) Brownish to green in color
(c) Taper at the extremities
(d) All of the above
8. What are the chemical constituents of coca?
(a) Cocaine
(b) Cinnamyl cocaine
(c) Cocamine
(d) All of the above
9. What is the chief chemical constituent of coca?
(a) Cephaline
(b) Cinnamyl cocaine
(c) Strychnine
(d) Pristine
10. Coca is used to
(a) Relieve hunger and fatigue
(b) As stimulant of cerebral area
(c) Anesthesia
(d) All of the above
1. (d)
2. (b)
3. (b)
4. (a)
5. (d)
6. (c)
7. (d)
8. (d)
9. (b)
10. (d)
Evans W.C, Editors. Trease and Evans Pharmacognosy. New York, Saunders Elsevier; 2009, p. 368-369.
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