PHARMACEUTICAL BUFFERS: Buffers are used to establish and maintain ion activity within narrow limits. The most common buffered systems in pharmacy are used: To establish hydrogen-ion activity for the calibration of pH meters. To prepare isotonic dosage form formulations. To […]
Buffers are substances or a combination of substances that, by their presence in solution, resist changes in pH upon the addition of small quantities of acid or alkali. Buffered solutions are necessary in many experiments conducted in pharmaceutical research. Drug […]
“Apoptosis is a form of coordinated and internally programmed cell death having significance in a variety of physiologic and pathologic conditions.” MORPHOLOGICAL FEATURES: – The characteristic morphologic changes in apoptosis by light microscopy and electron microscopy is as under: Involvement […]
“Shrinkage in the size of the cell by loss of cell substance is known as atrophy.” 1.] It represents a form of adaptive response. 2.] When a sufficient number of cells are involved, the entire tissue or organ get diminished […]
“Hypertrophy refers to increase in the size of cells and, with such changes, an increase in the size of the organs.” 1.] Basically, in hypertrophy the increased size of the cell is not due to the increased intake of fluid, […]
“Hyperplasia is an increase in the number of cells in an organ or tissue, which may then have increased volume.” 1.] In hyperplasia the cellular population is capable of synthesizing DNA, thus permitting mitotic division, but in hypertrophy cell division […]
“Cell swelling is an acute reversible change resulting as a response to nonlethal injuries.” 1.] It is also called Hydropic changes which means accumulation of water within the cytoplasm of the cell. 2.] For gross appearance of the affected organ, […]
“Cancer is a disease which is caused due to the uncontrolled division of cell which leads to growth of tumor and reduced activity of immune system.” TYPES: – There are basically six types of cancers: A.] Carcinoma Cancer: This cancer […]