Classification Natural Glycopeptides: Vancomycin Teicoplanin Semisynthetic/Lipoglycopeptides: Telavancin Dalbavancin Oritavancin 
Pharmacology Parameter Details Mechanism of Action Inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis by binding to D-Ala-D-Ala terminus Bactericidal/Static Bactericidal against Gram-positive bacteria Spectrum Narrow spectrum – active mainly against Gram-positive cocci […]
Functions of the Male Reproductive System The male reproductive system has several important functions necessary for sexual reproduction. These include: 1. Production of Sperm (Spermatogenesis) Occurs in the seminiferous tubules of the testes. Controlled by hormones such as FSH (Follicle […]
Macrolide & Ketolide Antibiotics – Comparison Chart Feature Azithromycin Roxithromycin Clarithromycin Class Macrolide Macrolide Macrolide Generation Second-gen Semi-synthetic Semi-synthetic Spectrum Broad (gram +ve, some -ve) Similar to erythromycin Similar to erythromycin, better for H. pylori Half-life (t½) ~68 hours ~12 […]
Chart: Classes of Aminoglycosides Class/Generation Examples Route of Administration Spectrum Toxicity Clinical Use Natural (1st Gen) Streptomycin, Neomycin IM/IV (Streptomycin), topical/oral (Neomycin) Gram-negative & TB (Streptomycin) Ototoxicity, nephrotoxicity TB, plague, bowel sterilization Semi-synthetic Gentamicin, Tobramycin, Netilmicin IM/IV Broad gram-negative Less […]
Mechanism of Action: Aminoglycosides irreversibly bind to the 30S ribosomal subunit of bacteria. This inhibits initiation of protein synthesis, causes misreading of mRNA, and leads to abnormal/nonfunctional proteins. Bactericidal in action (unusual for protein synthesis inhibitors). Oxygen-dependent active transport into […]
Notes on Chloramphenicol Pharmacology Mechanism of Action: Chloramphenicol inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit. It inhibits peptidyl transferase activity, preventing peptide bond formation. It is bacteriostatic but can be bactericidal against H. influenzae, N. meningitidis, […]
Comparison chart of Cephalosporin Generations Generation Spectrum of Activity Gram-Positive Coverage Gram-Negative Coverage Resistant to β-lactamase? Key Examples Clinical Uses 1st Narrow Good Limited No Cefazolin, Cephalexin Skin infections, surgical prophylaxis, UTIs 2nd Intermediate Moderate Better than 1st Slightly Cefuroxime, […]
1. Introduction Uterus is a hollow, muscular, pear-shaped organ in the female pelvis. Also called the womb. Primary function: Nourishment and development of the fetus during pregnancy. 2. Location In female pelvis, between the urinary bladder (anteriorly) and the rectum […]
Fallopian Tube (Uterine Tube) – Anatomy Notes 1. Introduction Also called: Uterine tube or Oviduct. Function: Transport ova from the ovary to the uterus. Site of fertilization (usually in the ampulla). 2. Parts of the Fallopian Tube (from lateral → […]
1. TETRACYCLINES Target: 30S ribosomal subunit of bacteria. Action: Tetracyclines bind reversibly to the 30S subunit. They block the attachment of aminoacyl-tRNA to the mRNA-ribosome complex. This prevents addition of new amino acids to the growing peptide chain → Stops […]