Adenylyl cyclase: cAMP pathway Activation of AC results in intracellular accumulation of second messenger cAM P (Fig. 4.6) which functions mainly through cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA). The PKA phosphorylates and alters the functi on of many enzymes, ion channels, transporters. […]
Comparative observational studies- Case control study is one of the type of Comparative observational studies. CASE-CONTROL STUDIES In contrast with cohort and cross sectional studies, case control studies are usually retrospective. People with the outcome of interest are matched with […]
Ball and Socket Joint The ball and socket joint (or spheroid joint) is a type of synovial joint in which the ball-shaped surface of one rounded bone fits into the cup-like depression of another bone. The distal bone is capable of motion around […]
Pharmacovigilance Methods Active Surveillance Active surveillance, in contrast to passive surveillance, pursues to determine the particular number of adverse events through a constant pre-organized process. In common, it is more achievable to acquire wide-ranging data on discrete adverse event reports […]
Pharmacovigilance Methods Objective: To establish a functional reporting system to monitor the safety of all medicines To learn more about the safety profile of new medicines in the early post-marketing phase To learn more about the ADR profile of a […]
Overview Under recommended conditions, all vaccines used in national immunization programmes are safe and effective if used correctly. In practice, however, no vaccine is completely risk-free and adverse events can occasionally result after an immunization. Adverse events can range from […]
In a condyloid joint or ellipsoidal joint (a type of synovial joint), the convex oval-shaped projection of one bone fits into the oval-shaped depression of another bone. A condyloid joint is biaxial because the movement it permits is around two […]
Safety and efficacy are the two major concerns about any drug. While the efficacy of a drug can be detected with relative ease, the same cannot be said about safety because the adverse effect of a drug may be uncommon […]
Thyroid Gland The butterfly-shaped thyroid gland is located just inferior to the larynx (voice box). It is composed of right and left lateral lobes, one on either side of the trachea, that are connected by an isthmus anterior to the […]
Beta- Lactam Antibiotics (part I) (B)- Semisynthetic penicillins Semisynthetic penicillins: Semi-synthetic antibiotics are derivatives of natural antibiotics with slightly different but advantageous characteristics. […]