Overview of the Loop of Henle: The Loop of Henle is part of the nephron in the kidney and plays a major role in concentrating urine. It consists of: Segment Description Permeability Descending Limb Goes deep into the medulla Permeable […]
Pharmacokinetics Absorption: Well-absorbed orally from the gastrointestinal tract. Peak plasma levels: 2-6 hours post-dose. Food may delay absorption but doesn’t reduce total amount absorbed. Distribution: Widely distributed in body fluids (e.g., pleural, peritoneal, ocular fluids). Crosses placenta and blood-brain barrier […]
Notes on Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT) – Reabsorption & Secretion Overview of the PCT Location: First segment of the nephron tubule, following Bowman’s capsule. Structure: Composed of simple cuboidal epithelium with extensive microvilli (brush border) to maximize surface area for […]
Sulfonamide Pharmacology, Classification, Mechanism of Action, and Spectrum on Bacteria Pharmacology and Classification Sulfonamides are a class of synthetic antimicrobial agents, the first effective antibacterial drugs, introduced in the 1930s. They are bacteriostatic agents that inhibit bacterial growth by interfering […]
Definitions with Examples 
1. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC): Definition:MIC is the lowest concentration of an antimicrobial agent that inhibits visible growth of a microorganism after overnight incubation. Example:If an E. coli strain stops growing at 2 µg/mL of ampicillin […]
Structure of Glomerulus The glomerulus is a network of capillaries located at the beginning of a nephron in the kidney. It is enclosed within a Bowman’s capsule and plays a crucial role in the process of urine formation. Key structural […]
Beta-2 Selective Sympathomimetics in the Treatment of Asthma Beta-2 selective sympathomimetics are a class of drugs primarily used in the treatment of asthma due to their ability to cause bronchodilation by selectively stimulating beta-2 adrenergic receptors in the lungs. These […]
Notes for Students Pathophysiology of Asthma Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways that leads to variable airflow obstruction, bronchial hyperresponsiveness, and airway remodeling. It primarily affects the bronchi (large and small airways), leading to inflammation, smooth muscle […]
Notes of Asthma Asthma: A Detailed Overview 1. Definition of Asthma Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways in the lungs, characterized by reversible airflow obstruction, bronchial hyperresponsiveness, and airway inflammation. It results in episodes of wheezing, breathlessness, […]