Comparison: Protease Inhibitors vs Integrase Inhibitors Participate in GPAT MOCK TEST: Click Here Feature Protease Inhibitors (PIs) Integrase Inhibitors (INSTIs) Mechanism of Action Inhibit HIV protease enzyme → prevents cleavage of viral polyproteins Inhibit HIV integrase enzyme → prevents integration […]
Comparison: NRTIs vs NNRTIs Participate in GPAT MOCK TEST: Click Here Feature NRTIs (Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors) NNRTIs (Non-Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors) Mechanism of Action Act as false nucleosides; incorporated into viral DNA, causing chain termination Bind directly to […]
Notes on Anti-HIV Drugs 1. HIV Lifecycle Overview Entry → Reverse Transcription → Integration → Transcription & Translation → Assembly → Budding → Maturation 2. Classes of Anti-HIV Drugs Participate in GPAT MOCK TEST: Click Here Drug Class Mechanism of […]
1. Quinine is primarily used for the treatment of which disease?A. TuberculosisB. MalariaC. TyphoidD. LeprosyAnswer: B. Malaria GET MORE MCQ: Click Here 2. Quinine is obtained from which natural source?A. Opium poppyB. Cinchona barkC. Digitalis leavesD. Tea leavesAnswer: B. Cinchona […]
The human sperm cell is a specialized male gamete designed for delivering genetic material to the female ovum. Its unique structure facilitates mobility and successful fertilization. The sperm cell comprises four primary regions: Head Nucleus: Contains tightly packed haploid DNA […]
Malaria Treatment & Pharmacology Chart Drug Class Mechanism of Action Indications Administration Common Side Effects Contraindications Artemether/Lumefantrine Artemisinin-based Combination Therapy (ACT) Artemether: Rapid parasite clearance; Lumefantrine: Prolongs action of artemether First-line for uncomplicated P. falciparum malaria Oral Headache, nausea, dizziness, […]
Notes on Anti-Malarial Drugs Mechanism (via Chart) 
Lifecycle of Plasmodium Mosquito Stage (Anopheles bite) Injects sporozoites into human bloodstream. Liver Stage (Hepatic) Sporozoites → liver cells → schizonts → merozoites. Blood Stage (Erythrocytic) Merozoites infect RBCs → trophozoites → […]
Spermatogenesis is the process by which spermatozoa (mature male gametes) are produced from spermatogonial stem cells in the seminiferous tubules of the testes. Participate in GPAT MOCK TEST: Click Here Begins at puberty under the influence of hormones (especially FSH […]
Anti-TB drugs are categorized into: First-line drugs: Primary agents used for drug-sensitive TB. Second-line drugs: Used for drug-resistant TB (e.g., MDR-TB, XDR-TB) Participate in GPAT MOCK TEST: Click Here 
First-Line Anti-TB Drugs Drug Chemical Class Mechanism of Action Spectrum […]
Urinary tract antiseptics are drugs that exert their effect mainly in the urinary tract and are not used for systemic infections. They are especially useful in lower urinary tract infections (UTIs) like cystitis. 1. Nitrofurantoin Class: Nitrofuran antibiotic Mechanism: Reduced […]