Overview of Beta-Lactam Antibiotics Definition: A class of antibiotics containing a beta-lactam ring in their molecular structure, effective against a wide range of bacteria. Examples: Penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems, monobactams. Target: Primarily Gram-positive and some Gram-negative bacteria. Key Feature: Bactericidal (kill […]
Overview of the Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT) Location: Part of the nephron in the kidney, located between the loop of Henle and the collecting duct. Function: Fine-tunes the composition of urine by selective reabsorption and secretion of ions, water, and […]
Overview Definition: Glycogen Storage Diseases are a group of inherited metabolic disorders caused by deficiencies in enzymes involved in glycogen synthesis, degradation, or regulation. Inheritance: Mostly autosomal recessive, except for GSD IX (X-linked in some cases). General Symptoms: Hypoglycemia, hepatomegaly, […]
Cotrimoxazole Overview Cotrimoxazole is a combination antibiotic medication that contains two active ingredients: sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim. It’s commonly used to treat a variety of bacterial infections, such as urinary tract infections, respiratory infections (like bronchitis or pneumonia), and certain types […]
Overview of the Loop of Henle: The Loop of Henle is part of the nephron in the kidney and plays a major role in concentrating urine. It consists of: Segment Description Permeability Descending Limb Goes deep into the medulla Permeable […]
Pharmacokinetics Absorption: Well-absorbed orally from the gastrointestinal tract. Peak plasma levels: 2-6 hours post-dose. Food may delay absorption but doesn’t reduce total amount absorbed. Distribution: Widely distributed in body fluids (e.g., pleural, peritoneal, ocular fluids). Crosses placenta and blood-brain barrier […]
Notes on Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT) – Reabsorption & Secretion Overview of the PCT Location: First segment of the nephron tubule, following Bowman’s capsule. Structure: Composed of simple cuboidal epithelium with extensive microvilli (brush border) to maximize surface area for […]
Sulfonamide Pharmacology, Classification, Mechanism of Action, and Spectrum on Bacteria Pharmacology and Classification Sulfonamides are a class of synthetic antimicrobial agents, the first effective antibacterial drugs, introduced in the 1930s. They are bacteriostatic agents that inhibit bacterial growth by interfering […]
Definitions with Examples 
1. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC): Definition:MIC is the lowest concentration of an antimicrobial agent that inhibits visible growth of a microorganism after overnight incubation. Example:If an E. coli strain stops growing at 2 µg/mL of ampicillin […]