Spermatogenesis is the process by which spermatozoa (mature male gametes) are produced from spermatogonial stem cells in the seminiferous tubules of the testes. Participate in GPAT MOCK TEST: Click Here Begins at puberty under the influence of hormones (especially FSH […]
Anti-TB drugs are categorized into: First-line drugs: Primary agents used for drug-sensitive TB. Second-line drugs: Used for drug-resistant TB (e.g., MDR-TB, XDR-TB) Participate in GPAT MOCK TEST: Click Here 
First-Line Anti-TB Drugs Drug Chemical Class Mechanism of Action Spectrum […]
Urinary tract antiseptics are drugs that exert their effect mainly in the urinary tract and are not used for systemic infections. They are especially useful in lower urinary tract infections (UTIs) like cystitis. 1. Nitrofurantoin Class: Nitrofuran antibiotic Mechanism: Reduced […]
1. Overview The testes (testicles) are the male gonads, responsible for producing sperm (spermatogenesis) and testosterone (primary male sex hormone). Located in the scrotum, which maintains temperature ~2–3°C below body temp for optimal sperm development. 
2. External Anatomy Structure […]
1. Chlamydia trachomatis 
Treatment: First-line: Doxycycline 100 mg PO BID × 7 days Alternative (e.g., pregnancy): Azithromycin 1 g PO single dose Notes: Treat sexual partners Abstain from sex for 7 days after treatment Often co-infected with […]
Overview: Lincosamides are a class of antibiotics that inhibit bacterial protein synthesis. They are bacteriostatic and primarily effective against Gram-positive bacteria and anaerobes. 
Common Drugs Clindamycin (most commonly used) Lincomycin (older, less used) Mechanism of Action Binds to […]
Definition: The scrotum is a pouch of skin located posterior to the penis, containing and supporting the testes. It plays a vital role in temperature regulation and protection of the testes. 
Anatomical Structure (Layers – from superficial to deep): […]
Class Definition: Oxazolidinones are a class of synthetic antibiotics that inhibit bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit. Classification of Oxazolidinone Antibiotics Oxazolidinones are synthetic antibiotics classified primarily based on generations and clinical development status. Here’s a […]
Classification Natural Glycopeptides: Vancomycin Teicoplanin Semisynthetic/Lipoglycopeptides: Telavancin Dalbavancin Oritavancin Pharmacology Parameter Details Mechanism of Action Inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis by binding to D-Ala-D-Ala terminus Bactericidal/Static Bactericidal against Gram-positive bacteria Spectrum Narrow spectrum – active mainly against Gram-positive cocci […]
Functions of the Male Reproductive System The male reproductive system has several important functions necessary for sexual reproduction. These include: 1. Production of Sperm (Spermatogenesis) Occurs in the seminiferous tubules of the testes. Controlled by hormones such as FSH (Follicle […]