EVALUATION TESTS : 1.Determination of particle size and particle count: It is performed by optical microscopy, sedimentation by using Andreasen apparatus and Coulter counter apparatus. 2.Determination of viscosity: For viscous emulsions, the use of penetrometer instrument is used. 3.Determination of phase […]
DEFINITION: Parenterals are sterile preparations intended for administration under or through one or more layers of skin or mucous membranes. The term of parenteral is derived from Greek word para meaning beside and enteron meaning the intestine. Thus parenterals administration […]
Formulation Principles: Parenteral drugs are formulated as solutions, suspensions, emulsions, liposomes, microspheres, nanosystems, and powders to be reconstituted as solutions. This section describes the components commonly used in parenteral formulations, focusing on solutions and freeze-dried products. General guidance is provided […]
Displacement value: The quantity of the drug which displaces one part of the base is known as displacement value. Example – Determination the displacement value of a medicament in theobroma oil suppositories containing 40% medicament, prepared in 1 gm mould. […]
Formulation variables: Formulation variables that are generally considered include (a) the nature and form of the active principle (esters, salts, complexes, etc.), (b) the physical state, particle dimensions, and the specific surface of the product, (c) the solubility of the […]
A suppository is a solid dosage form in which one or more APIs are dispersed in a suitable base and molded or otherwise formed into a suitable shape for insertion into the rectum to provide local or systemic effect. Suppositories […]
Dissolution Test Parameters: Eccentricity of the stirring device – The United States Pharmacopeia (USP) specifies that the stirring shaft must rotate smoothly without significant wobble. Eccentricity can be measured in terms of total indicator reading(TIR) with the help of machinist’s […]
ANTIMICROBIAL DRUGS- GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS Antimicrobial drugs: Antimicrobial drugs are chemical substances of natural or synthetic origin that suppress the growth of, or destroy, micro-organisms including bacteria, fungi, helminths, protozoa and viruses. Antimicrobial drugs include: antibiotics, chemotherapeutic agents. Classifications: These drugs […]
Antiemetics: Antiemetics are a heterogeneous group of drugs used to treat various causes of nausea and vomiting. Different antiemetics act on different receptors, and they may have a peripheral effect, a central effect, or both. Antiemetic drugs can help when nausea […]