1. Definition: The perineum is the region between the pubic symphysis and the coccyx, bounded laterally by the ischial tuberosities. It includes the external genitalia and the anal opening. 2. Boundaries: Anterior: Pubic symphysis Posterior: Coccyx Lateral: Ischial tuberosities Superior […]
Chart: Classes of Aminoglycosides Class/Generation Examples Route of Administration Spectrum Toxicity Clinical Use Natural (1st Gen) Streptomycin, Neomycin IM/IV (Streptomycin), topical/oral (Neomycin) Gram-negative & TB (Streptomycin) Ototoxicity, nephrotoxicity TB, plague, bowel sterilization Semi-synthetic Gentamicin, Tobramycin, Netilmicin IM/IV Broad gram-negative Less […]
The female reproductive cycle is typically a 28-day cycle (can vary) and consists of two main cycles: Ovarian cycle Uterine (menstrual) cycle 1. Menstrual Phase (Days 1–5) What Happens: Shedding of the endometrial lining. Hormones: Low estrogen and progesterone. Physical […]
Menstrual Cycle: Notes The menstrual cycle is a recurring cycle in females (~28 days on average) that prepares the body for pregnancy. It is divided into three main phases: 1. Menstrual Phase (Day 1–5) Shedding of the endometrial lining due […]
Mechanism of Action: Aminoglycosides irreversibly bind to the 30S ribosomal subunit of bacteria. This inhibits initiation of protein synthesis, causes misreading of mRNA, and leads to abnormal/nonfunctional proteins. Bactericidal in action (unusual for protein synthesis inhibitors). Oxygen-dependent active transport into […]
Notes on Chloramphenicol Pharmacology Mechanism of Action: Chloramphenicol inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit. It inhibits peptidyl transferase activity, preventing peptide bond formation. It is bacteriostatic but can be bactericidal against H. influenzae, N. meningitidis, […]
Comparison chart of Cephalosporin Generations Generation Spectrum of Activity Gram-Positive Coverage Gram-Negative Coverage Resistant to β-lactamase? Key Examples Clinical Uses 1st Narrow Good Limited No Cefazolin, Cephalexin Skin infections, surgical prophylaxis, UTIs 2nd Intermediate Moderate Better than 1st Slightly Cefuroxime, […]
1. Introduction Uterus is a hollow, muscular, pear-shaped organ in the female pelvis. Also called the womb. Primary function: Nourishment and development of the fetus during pregnancy. 2. Location In female pelvis, between the urinary bladder (anteriorly) and the rectum […]
Fallopian Tube (Uterine Tube) – Anatomy Notes 1. Introduction Also called: Uterine tube or Oviduct. Function: Transport ova from the ovary to the uterus. Site of fertilization (usually in the ampulla). 2. Parts of the Fallopian Tube (from lateral → […]
1. TETRACYCLINES Target: 30S ribosomal subunit of bacteria. Action: Tetracyclines bind reversibly to the 30S subunit. They block the attachment of aminoacyl-tRNA to the mRNA-ribosome complex. This prevents addition of new amino acids to the growing peptide chain → Stops […]