PROPERTIES OF COLLOIDAL DISPERSIONS: Kinetic Properties: Brownian motion- Brownian motion describes the random zigzag movement of colloidal particles. Colloidal particles are subject to random collisions with the molecules of the dispersion medium; hence, each particle pursues an irregular and a […]
PHARMACEUTICAL BUFFERS: Buffers are used to establish and maintain ion activity within narrow limits. The most common buffered systems in pharmacy are used: To establish hydrogen-ion activity for the calibration of pH meters. To prepare isotonic dosage form formulations. To […]
PHYSICAL METHODS OF STERILIZATION I. Heat methods Heat methods are used for sterilization of the instruments or the products which can withstand higher temperatures. Heat can be used to sterilize thick materials, as it can penetrate thick materials easily where […]