Tiotixene or Thiothixene

IUPAC nomenclature

(9Z)-N,N-dimethyl-9-[3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)propylidene]-9H-thioxanthene-2-sulfonamide.

Classification

Tiotixene is a thioxanthene antipsychotic drug.

Physiochemical Properties

Mechanism of Action

Tiotixene hydrochloride acts as antagonist for following postsynaptic receptors:

• Dopaminergic receptors subtypes D1, D2, D3 and D4, which results in antipsychotic properties on productive and unproductive symptoms.
• Serotonergic receptors 5-HT₁ and 5-HT₂, which is responsible for the anxiolytic, antidepressive and antiaggressive properties and also as an attenuation of extrapyramidal side effects of the drug.
• Histaminergic receptors H₁ subtype, which is responsible for sedation, antiemesis, vertigo, lowering of blood pressure and weight gain properties of the drug.
• α₁ and α₂ receptors which are responsible for the properties of drug like antisympathomimetic, lowering of blood pressure, reflex tachycardia, vertigo. Sedation. Hypersalivation and incontinence and also sexual dysfunctions; may also attenuate peudoparkinsonism.
• Muscarinic M₁ and M₂ receptors which causes anticholinergic symptoms like dry mouth and blurred vision.

Structure Activity Relationship

Structure activity relationship of phenothiazine like compounds can be described as follows:

• Tilting of side chain towards ring A grants favorable Vander Waal’s interaction of the side chain. This interaction decides the potency of the drug towards the dopamine receptors.
• Optimal neuroleptic activity occurs when the ring A substituent is in the 2^nd-position.
• A trifluoromethyl substituent provides a greater number of favorable Van der Waal’s contacts with the side chain than the chlorine substituent. Thus, phenothiazne with trifluoromethyl substituents are more potent than those with chlorine substituent.
• A piperazine side chain provides more Van der Waal’s contacts with 2-substituent than the alkylamino side chain. Thus, piperizine phenothiazine are more potent in antischizophrenic effects than alkylamino phenothiazines.
• Hydroxyethylpiperazine side chain phenothiazines displays more favorable Van der Waal’s interactions with ring A than simple piperazines.
• In the thioxanthene and xanthenes containing ring systems, the cis forms are more potent neuroleptics than the trans isomers.
• Phenothiazine analogues having the presence of exolytic double bond are more potent than the corresponding compounds lacking the exolytic double bonds. [1]

Method of synthesis

i. 9H-thioxantene is reacted with chlorosulfonic acid to give 9H-thioxanten-2-sulfonic acid.

ii. On reaction with thionyl chloride and dimethylamine, the product transforms into 2-dimethylaminosulfonyl-9H-thioxantene.

iii. On reaction of the above formed compound with butyllithium and then with methyl acetate gives the product 9-acetyl-2-dimethylaminosulfonyl-9H-thioxantene.

iv. Aminomethylation of the resulting product with dimethylamine and formaldehyde gives 9-(2-dimethylamineopropionyl)-2-dimethylaminosulfonyl-9H-thioxantene.

v. On reaction with 1-N-methylpiperazine lead to the substitution of the dimethylamine group with N-methyliperazine group.

vi. On reduction of the carbonyl group of the product to secondary hydroxyl group using sodium borohydride, followed by dehydration with the help of phosphorus oxychloride produces the desired tiotixene [2]

Therapeutic Uses

Tiotixene is used for:

• Treatment of schizophrenia
• Reducing nervousness
• Reducing aggression
• Decreasing hallucinations

 Side Effects

Side effects of Tiotixene are:

• Dizziness
• Drowsiness
• Lightheadedness
• Constipation
• Blurred vision
• Dry mouth
• Trouble sleeping
• Stiff muscles
• Muscle spasms
• Twisting neck
• Arching back
• Eyes rolling up
• Depression
• Suicidal thoughts

MCQs

Q.1 What can be the correct IUPAC nomenclature of Tiotixene?

a) (9Z)-N,N-dimethyl-9-[3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)propylidene]-9H-thioxanthene-2-sulfonamide.

b) (9Z)-N,N-dimethyl-9-[3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)propylidene]-9H-thioxanthene-2-sulfonic acid

c) 3-(2-chlorophenothiazin-10-yl)-N,N-dimethylpropan-1-amine;hydrochloride

d) N,N-dimethyl-3-phenothiazin-10-ylpropan-1-amine;hydrochloride

Q.2 Which amongst the following statements is/are INCORRECT related to the SAR of tiotixene?

I. A piperazine side chain provides more Van der Waal’s contacts with 2-substituent than the alkylamino side chain. Thus, piperizine phenothiazine are more potent in antischizophrenic effects than alkylamino phenothiazines.

II. Hydroxyethylpiperazine side chain phenothiazines displays more favorable Van der Waal’s interactions with ring A than simple piperazines.

III. In the thioxanthene and xanthenes containing ring systems, the cis forms are more potent neuroleptics than the trans isomers.

IV. Phenothiazine analogues having the presence of exolytic double bond are more potent than the corresponding compounds lacking the exolytic double bonds.

a) I, III, IV

b) I, II

c) III, IV

d) None

Q.3 Number of chiral carbons present in the structure of tiotixene?

a) 0

b) 1

c) 2

d) 3

Q.4 Side effects of drug Tiotixene is/are?

a) Blurred vision

b) Insomnia

c) Muscle spasms

d) All of the above

Q.5 Match the following drugs with their correct melting points:

 a) i-A, ii-C, iii-B, iv-D

b) i-C, ii-A, iii-D, iv-B

c) i-C, ii-A, iii-B, iv-D

d) i-B, ii-D, iii-A, iv-C

Q.6 An example of drug from class Thioxanthene antipsychotic drug is?

a) Donepezil

b) Promazine

c) Tiotixene

d) Both a) and b) 

Q.7 The type of ring system found in Tiotixene?

a) Phenothiazine

b) Piperizine ring

c) Thioxanthene ring

d) Both b) and c)

For More Standard and Quality Question Bank you can Join Our Test Series Programme for GPAT, NIPER JEE, Pharmacist Recruitment Exam, Drug Inspector Recruitment Exams, PhD Entrance Exam for Pharmacy

Participate in Online FREE  GPAT  TEST: CLICK HERE

  Participate in Online FREE  Pharmacist  TEST: CLICK HERE 

Participate in Online FREE  Drug Inspector  TEST: CLICK HERE 

ANSWERS

1-a

2-d

3-c

4-d

5-a

6-c

7-d

REFERENCES