Adrenaline vs. Acetylcholine – Mechanism of Action ⚡ Adrenaline (Epinephrine) Type: Catecholamine (Sympathomimetic) Receptor Type: Adrenergic Receptors (GPCRs) α₁ → Vasoconstriction (↑ BP) α₂ → ↓ NE release (negative feedback) β₁ → ↑ Heart rate & contractility (↑ CO) β₂ […]
1. Autocrine Hormones Definition: Hormones or chemical messengers that act on the same cell that secreted them. Mechanism: The cell releases a substance. The substance binds to receptors on its own membrane. Function: Local regulation of cell growth, immunity, and […]
1. Alkylating Agents Mechanism of Action: Alkylating agents add alkyl groups (e.g., methyl, ethyl) to DNA, primarily at the N7 position of guanine. This causes: DNA cross-linking (intra- and inter-strand). Mispairing of bases. DNA strand breakage. Inhibition of DNA replication […]
Classification of Antifungal Drugs Class Examples Target/Mechanism Polyenes Amphotericin B, Nystatin Binds ergosterol → forms pores in fungal membranes Azoles Ketoconazole, Fluconazole, Itraconazole, Voriconazole, Posaconazole Inhibit 14-α-demethylase → inhibit ergosterol synthesis Echinocandins Caspofungin, Micafungin, Anidulafungin Inhibit β-1,3-glucan synthase → cell […]
🔹 Class: Benzimidazole Anthelmintics Used for: Roundworms, Hookworms, Whipworms, Pinworms, Hydatid disease (Albendazole) 🧬 Mechanism of Action (Pharmacodynamics) Drug Mechanism of Action Mebendazole 1. Binds β-tubulin, inhibits microtubule polymerization → impairs glucose uptake 2. ↓ ATP → worm paralysis & […]
Anthelmintics │ ├── 1. Benzimidazoles │ ├── Albendazole │ ├── Mebendazole │ └── Thiabendazole │ ├── 2. Imidazothiazoles │ └── Levamisole │ ├── 3. Tetrahydropyrimidines │ └── Pyrantel pamoate │ ├── 4. Macrocyclic Lactones (Avermectins & Milbemycins) │ └── Ivermectin […]
Anatomy of the Penis – Notes 1. Overview The penis is the external male genital organ involved in urination and sexual reproduction. 2. Parts of the Penis Part Description Root (Base) Attached portion; includes crura and bulb Body (Shaft) Free […]
Comparison: Protease Inhibitors vs Integrase Inhibitors Participate in GPAT MOCK TEST: Click Here Feature Protease Inhibitors (PIs) Integrase Inhibitors (INSTIs) Mechanism of Action Inhibit HIV protease enzyme → prevents cleavage of viral polyproteins Inhibit HIV integrase enzyme → prevents integration […]