Class: Benzimidazole Anthelmintics Used for: Roundworms, Hookworms, Whipworms, Pinworms, Hydatid disease (Albendazole) 
Mechanism of Action (Pharmacodynamics) Drug Mechanism of Action Mebendazole 1. Binds β-tubulin, inhibits microtubule polymerization → impairs glucose uptake 2. ↓ ATP → worm paralysis & […]
Anthelmintics │ ├── 1. Benzimidazoles │ ├── Albendazole │ ├── Mebendazole │ └── Thiabendazole │ ├── 2. Imidazothiazoles │ └── Levamisole │ ├── 3. Tetrahydropyrimidines │ └── Pyrantel pamoate │ ├── 4. Macrocyclic Lactones (Avermectins & Milbemycins) │ └── Ivermectin […]
Anatomy of the Penis – Notes 1. Overview The penis is the external male genital organ involved in urination and sexual reproduction. 2. Parts of the Penis Part Description Root (Base) Attached portion; includes crura and bulb Body (Shaft) Free […]
Comparison: Protease Inhibitors vs Integrase Inhibitors Participate in GPAT MOCK TEST: Click Here Feature Protease Inhibitors (PIs) Integrase Inhibitors (INSTIs) Mechanism of Action Inhibit HIV protease enzyme → prevents cleavage of viral polyproteins Inhibit HIV integrase enzyme → prevents integration […]
Comparative Chart: Zidovudine, Efavirenz, Lopinavir, Dolutegravir, Enfuvirtide, Maraviroc Drug Pharmacokinetics Drug-Drug Interactions Common Side Effects Zidovudine (NRTI) Oral bioavailability ~60–70% Half-life: ~1 hr (plasma), ~3–4 hrs (intracellular) Renal excretion Competes with other drugs for glucuronidation Increased toxicity with other myelosuppressive […]
Notes on Anti-HIV Drugs 1. HIV Lifecycle Overview Entry → Reverse Transcription → Integration → Transcription & Translation → Assembly → Budding → Maturation 2. Classes of Anti-HIV Drugs Participate in GPAT MOCK TEST: Click Here Drug Class Mechanism of […]
STUDY NOTES 1. 
Ducts of the Testes The ducts of the testes are responsible for the transport of sperm from the seminiferous tubules to the epididymis. 
Components: Seminiferous tubules: Site of spermatogenesis (sperm production). Straight tubules (Tubuli […]
Antiviral Drug Classes & Mechanisms of Action Participate in GPAT MOCK TEST: Click Here Class Example Drugs Target Virus Mechanism of Action 1. Entry Inhibitors Maraviroc, Enfuvirtide HIV Block entry of virus into host cells. Maraviroc blocks CCR5 receptor; Enfuvirtide […]
The human sperm cell is a specialized male gamete designed for delivering genetic material to the female ovum. Its unique structure facilitates mobility and successful fertilization. The sperm cell comprises four primary regions: Head Nucleus: Contains tightly packed haploid DNA […]