Definition: The scrotum is a pouch of skin located posterior to the penis, containing and supporting the testes. It plays a vital role in temperature regulation and protection of the testes. 
Anatomical Structure (Layers – from superficial to deep): […]
Class Definition: Oxazolidinones are a class of synthetic antibiotics that inhibit bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit. Classification of Oxazolidinone Antibiotics Oxazolidinones are synthetic antibiotics classified primarily based on generations and clinical development status. Here’s a […]
Classification Natural Glycopeptides: Vancomycin Teicoplanin Semisynthetic/Lipoglycopeptides: Telavancin Dalbavancin Oritavancin 
Pharmacology Parameter Details Mechanism of Action Inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis by binding to D-Ala-D-Ala terminus Bactericidal/Static Bactericidal against Gram-positive bacteria Spectrum Narrow spectrum – active mainly against Gram-positive cocci […]
Functions of the Male Reproductive System The male reproductive system has several important functions necessary for sexual reproduction. These include: 1. Production of Sperm (Spermatogenesis) Occurs in the seminiferous tubules of the testes. Controlled by hormones such as FSH (Follicle […]
Macrolide & Ketolide Antibiotics – Comparison Chart Feature Azithromycin Roxithromycin Clarithromycin Class Macrolide Macrolide Macrolide Generation Second-gen Semi-synthetic Semi-synthetic Spectrum Broad (gram +ve, some -ve) Similar to erythromycin Similar to erythromycin, better for H. pylori Half-life (t½) ~68 hours ~12 […]
Definition: Oogenesis is the process by which ova (female gametes) are produced from primordial germ cells in the ovaries. It begins before birth, pauses, and completes after puberty during ovulation and fertilization. 
STEPS OF OOGENESIS (CHART FORMAT) Stage Cell […]
1. Definition: The perineum is the region between the pubic symphysis and the coccyx, bounded laterally by the ischial tuberosities. It includes the external genitalia and the anal opening. 2. Boundaries: Anterior: Pubic symphysis Posterior: Coccyx Lateral: Ischial tuberosities Superior […]
Chart: Classes of Aminoglycosides Class/Generation Examples Route of Administration Spectrum Toxicity Clinical Use Natural (1st Gen) Streptomycin, Neomycin IM/IV (Streptomycin), topical/oral (Neomycin) Gram-negative & TB (Streptomycin) Ototoxicity, nephrotoxicity TB, plague, bowel sterilization Semi-synthetic Gentamicin, Tobramycin, Netilmicin IM/IV Broad gram-negative Less […]
The female reproductive cycle is typically a 28-day cycle (can vary) and consists of two main cycles: Ovarian cycle Uterine (menstrual) cycle 1. Menstrual Phase (Days 1–5) What Happens: Shedding of the endometrial lining. Hormones: Low estrogen and progesterone. Physical […]
Menstrual Cycle: Notes The menstrual cycle is a recurring cycle in females (~28 days on average) that prepares the body for pregnancy. It is divided into three main phases: 1. Menstrual Phase (Day 1–5) Shedding of the endometrial lining due […]