Macrolide & Ketolide Antibiotics – Comparison Chart Feature Azithromycin Roxithromycin Clarithromycin Class Macrolide Macrolide Macrolide Generation Second-gen Semi-synthetic Semi-synthetic Spectrum Broad (gram +ve, some -ve) Similar to erythromycin Similar to erythromycin, better for H. pylori Half-life (t½) ~68 hours ~12 […]
Chart: Classes of Aminoglycosides Class/Generation Examples Route of Administration Spectrum Toxicity Clinical Use Natural (1st Gen) Streptomycin, Neomycin IM/IV (Streptomycin), topical/oral (Neomycin) Gram-negative & TB (Streptomycin) Ototoxicity, nephrotoxicity TB, plague, bowel sterilization Semi-synthetic Gentamicin, Tobramycin, Netilmicin IM/IV Broad gram-negative Less […]
Mechanism of Action: Aminoglycosides irreversibly bind to the 30S ribosomal subunit of bacteria. This inhibits initiation of protein synthesis, causes misreading of mRNA, and leads to abnormal/nonfunctional proteins. Bactericidal in action (unusual for protein synthesis inhibitors). Oxygen-dependent active transport into […]
Notes on Chloramphenicol Pharmacology Mechanism of Action: Chloramphenicol inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit. It inhibits peptidyl transferase activity, preventing peptide bond formation. It is bacteriostatic but can be bactericidal against H. influenzae, N. meningitidis, […]
Comparison chart of Cephalosporin Generations Generation Spectrum of Activity Gram-Positive Coverage Gram-Negative Coverage Resistant to β-lactamase? Key Examples Clinical Uses 1st Narrow Good Limited No Cefazolin, Cephalexin Skin infections, surgical prophylaxis, UTIs 2nd Intermediate Moderate Better than 1st Slightly Cefuroxime, […]
1. TETRACYCLINES Target: 30S ribosomal subunit of bacteria. Action: Tetracyclines bind reversibly to the 30S subunit. They block the attachment of aminoacyl-tRNA to the mRNA-ribosome complex. This prevents addition of new amino acids to the growing peptide chain → Stops […]
1. Classification of Tetracyclines Tetracyclines are classified based on duration of action: Type Drugs Half-life Short-acting Tetracycline, Oxytetracycline 6–8 hours Intermediate-acting Demeclocycline 12–16 hours Long-acting Doxycycline, Minocycline 16–24 hours 2. Mechanism of Action Inhibit protein synthesis by binding to […]
1. Main Functions Production of female gametes (ova): Occurs in the ovaries via oogenesis. Reception of male gametes (sperm): Happens through the vagina during sexual intercourse. Fertilization: Usually occurs in the fallopian tubes. Implantation and development of embryo: Takes place […]
Overview Fluoroquinolones are a class of broad-spectrum bactericidal antibiotics. Synthetic derivatives of nalidixic acid (a quinolone). Common drugs: Ciprofloxacin, Ofloxacin, Levofloxacin, Moxifloxacin, Norfloxacin. Participate in GPAT MOCK TEST ⚙️ Mechanism of Action Fluoroquinolones inhibit bacterial DNA topoisomerases, which are enzymes […]
Antibiotic Drug Resistance Definition: The ability of bacteria to withstand the effects of an antibiotic that would normally kill them or inhibit their growth. Causes: Overuse or misuse of antibiotics Incomplete antibiotic courses Use of antibiotics in livestock and agriculture […]