Beta-2 Selective Sympathomimetics in the Treatment of Asthma Beta-2 selective sympathomimetics are a class of drugs primarily used in the treatment of asthma due to their ability to cause bronchodilation by selectively stimulating beta-2 adrenergic receptors in the lungs. These […]
Notes for Students Pathophysiology of Asthma Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways that leads to variable airflow obstruction, bronchial hyperresponsiveness, and airway remodeling. It primarily affects the bronchi (large and small airways), leading to inflammation, smooth muscle […]
Notes of Asthma Asthma: A Detailed Overview 1. Definition of Asthma Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways in the lungs, characterized by reversible airflow obstruction, bronchial hyperresponsiveness, and airway inflammation. It results in episodes of wheezing, breathlessness, […]
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways. This feature of asthma has implications for the diagnosis, management, and potential prevention of the disease. The immunohistopathologic features of asthma include inflammatory cell infiltration: — Neutrophils (especially in sudden-onset, […]
Adenylyl cyclase: cAMP pathway Activation of AC results in intracellular accumulation of second messenger cAM P (Fig. 4.6) which functions mainly through cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA). The PKA phosphorylates and alters the functi on of many enzymes, ion channels, transporters. […]
Clinical trial phases are steps in the research to determine if an intervention would be beneficial or detrimental to humans and include Phases 0, I, II, III, IV, clinical studies . During Phase 0, pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics are determined. Safety […]
Beta- Lactam Antibiotics (part I) (B)- Semisynthetic penicillins Semisynthetic penicillins: Semi-synthetic antibiotics are derivatives of natural antibiotics with slightly different but advantageous characteristics. […]
Beta- Lactams Antibiotics( part -I)- (A)Pencillins Pencillins: Pencillin was the first antibiotic […]
ANTIMICROBIAL DRUGS- GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS Antimicrobial drugs: Antimicrobial drugs are chemical substances of natural or synthetic origin that suppress the growth of, or destroy, micro-organisms including bacteria, fungi, helminths, protozoa and viruses. Antimicrobial drugs include: antibiotics, chemotherapeutic agents. Classifications: These drugs […]
Antiemetics: Antiemetics are a heterogeneous group of drugs used to treat various causes of nausea and vomiting. Different antiemetics act on different receptors, and they may have a peripheral effect, a central effect, or both. Antiemetic drugs can help when nausea […]