Anti-TB drugs are categorized into: First-line drugs: Primary agents used for drug-sensitive TB. Second-line drugs: Used for drug-resistant TB (e.g., MDR-TB, XDR-TB) Participate in GPAT MOCK TEST: Click Here 
First-Line Anti-TB Drugs Drug Chemical Class Mechanism of Action Spectrum […]
Urinary tract antiseptics are drugs that exert their effect mainly in the urinary tract and are not used for systemic infections. They are especially useful in lower urinary tract infections (UTIs) like cystitis. 1. Nitrofurantoin Class: Nitrofuran antibiotic Mechanism: Reduced […]
1. Chlamydia trachomatis 
Treatment: First-line: Doxycycline 100 mg PO BID × 7 days Alternative (e.g., pregnancy): Azithromycin 1 g PO single dose Notes: Treat sexual partners Abstain from sex for 7 days after treatment Often co-infected with […]
Overview: Lincosamides are a class of antibiotics that inhibit bacterial protein synthesis. They are bacteriostatic and primarily effective against Gram-positive bacteria and anaerobes. 
Common Drugs Clindamycin (most commonly used) Lincomycin (older, less used) Mechanism of Action Binds to […]
Class Definition: Oxazolidinones are a class of synthetic antibiotics that inhibit bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit. Classification of Oxazolidinone Antibiotics Oxazolidinones are synthetic antibiotics classified primarily based on generations and clinical development status. Here’s a […]
Classification Natural Glycopeptides: Vancomycin Teicoplanin Semisynthetic/Lipoglycopeptides: Telavancin Dalbavancin Oritavancin Pharmacology Parameter Details Mechanism of Action Inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis by binding to D-Ala-D-Ala terminus Bactericidal/Static Bactericidal against Gram-positive bacteria Spectrum Narrow spectrum – active mainly against Gram-positive cocci […]
Macrolide & Ketolide Antibiotics – Comparison Chart Feature Azithromycin Roxithromycin Clarithromycin Class Macrolide Macrolide Macrolide Generation Second-gen Semi-synthetic Semi-synthetic Spectrum Broad (gram +ve, some -ve) Similar to erythromycin Similar to erythromycin, better for H. pylori Half-life (t½) ~68 hours ~12 […]
Chart: Classes of Aminoglycosides Class/Generation Examples Route of Administration Spectrum Toxicity Clinical Use Natural (1st Gen) Streptomycin, Neomycin IM/IV (Streptomycin), topical/oral (Neomycin) Gram-negative & TB (Streptomycin) Ototoxicity, nephrotoxicity TB, plague, bowel sterilization Semi-synthetic Gentamicin, Tobramycin, Netilmicin IM/IV Broad gram-negative Less […]
Mechanism of Action: Aminoglycosides irreversibly bind to the 30S ribosomal subunit of bacteria. This inhibits initiation of protein synthesis, causes misreading of mRNA, and leads to abnormal/nonfunctional proteins. Bactericidal in action (unusual for protein synthesis inhibitors). Oxygen-dependent active transport into […]
Notes on Chloramphenicol Pharmacology Mechanism of Action: Chloramphenicol inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit. It inhibits peptidyl transferase activity, preventing peptide bond formation. It is bacteriostatic but can be bactericidal against H. influenzae, N. meningitidis, […]