PHARMACEUTICAL BUFFERS: Buffers are used to establish and maintain ion activity within narrow limits. The most common buffered systems in pharmacy are used: To establish hydrogen-ion activity for the calibration of pH meters. To prepare isotonic dosage form formulations. To […]
Buffers are substances or a combination of substances that, by their presence in solution, resist changes in pH upon the addition of small quantities of acid or alkali. Buffered solutions are necessary in many experiments conducted in pharmaceutical research. Drug […]
Physical Stability: It has already been noted that on purely thermodynamic grounds, emulsions are physically unstable. A reduction of the interfacial area by coalescence reduces the system’s energy, and this process is thermodynamically favoured. However, thermodynamic stability of emulsions differs […]
Theories of emulsification: Surfactant (Monomolecular adsorption): To reduce the interfacial tension Oil droplets are surrounded by a coherent monolayer of the surfactant which prevents coalescence. If the emulsifier is ionized, the presence of strong charge may lead to repulsion in […]
Emulsions are the mixtures of two or more type of liquids where, one is such as droplets, of tiny or even ultramicroscopic size, which are distributed throughout each other. These are usually formed from the component of liquids either in […]
Complexation Methods of Analysis: A determination of the (1) stoichiometric ratio of ligand to metal (or donor to acceptor) and the (2) stability constant for complex formation are important in the study and application of complexes. Several methods for estimation […]
Size reduction is a process of reducing large unit masses into small unit masses like the coarse or fine particles. Size reduction is also known as comminution or diminution or pulverization. Generally this process is done by two methods: Precipitation […]