Sterile powders: Dry sterile powder is aseptically added to a sterile vial. The dry drug powder is reconstituted with a sterile vehicle before use. Powders for injections are solid substances, distributed in their final containers and which, when shaken with […]
Quality Assurance and Control: The importance of undertaking every possible means to ensure the quality of the finished product cannot be overemphasized. Every component and step of the manufacturing process must be subjected to intense scrutiny to be confident quality […]
Containers and Closures: Injectable formulations are packaged into containers made of glass or plastic. Container systems include ampoules, vials, syringes, cartridges, bottles, and bags. Ampoules are all glass, whereas bags are all plastic. The other containers can be composed of […]
Ophthalmic preparations are specialized dosage forms designed to be instilled onto the external surface of the eye (topical), administered inside the eye (intraocular) or adjacent to it (periocular, e.g., juxtascleral or subtenon), or used in conjunction with an ophthalmic device. […]
Ophthalmic preparation characteristics: Clarity – Ophthalmic solutions, by definition, contain no undissolved ingredients and are essentially free from foreign particles. Filtration can enhance clarity in some cases. It is essential that the filtration equipment be clean and well rinsed to […]
Contact lenses: Contact lenses are usually made from polymethyl- methacrylate, a hard hydrophobic plastic, but some softer hydrophilic lenses have been developed and are coming to use. Types of contact lenses: 1- Hard contact lenses 2- Soft contact lenses 1.HARD […]