Physical Stability: It has already been noted that on purely thermodynamic grounds, emulsions are physically unstable. A reduction of the interfacial area by coalescence reduces the system’s energy, and this process is thermodynamically favoured. However, thermodynamic stability of emulsions differs […]
Theories of emulsification: Surfactant (Monomolecular adsorption): To reduce the interfacial tension Oil droplets are surrounded by a coherent monolayer of the surfactant which prevents coalescence. If the emulsifier is ionized, the presence of strong charge may lead to repulsion in […]
Emulsions are the mixtures of two or more type of liquids where, one is such as droplets, of tiny or even ultramicroscopic size, which are distributed throughout each other. These are usually formed from the component of liquids either in […]
Complexation Methods of Analysis: A determination of the (1) stoichiometric ratio of ligand to metal (or donor to acceptor) and the (2) stability constant for complex formation are important in the study and application of complexes. Several methods for estimation […]
“Apoptosis is a form of coordinated and internally programmed cell death having significance in a variety of physiologic and pathologic conditions.” MORPHOLOGICAL FEATURES: – The characteristic morphologic changes in apoptosis by light microscopy and electron microscopy is as under: Involvement […]
“Shrinkage in the size of the cell by loss of cell substance is known as atrophy.” 1.] It represents a form of adaptive response. 2.] When a sufficient number of cells are involved, the entire tissue or organ get diminished […]
“Hypertrophy refers to increase in the size of cells and, with such changes, an increase in the size of the organs.” 1.] Basically, in hypertrophy the increased size of the cell is not due to the increased intake of fluid, […]
“Hyperplasia is an increase in the number of cells in an organ or tissue, which may then have increased volume.” 1.] In hyperplasia the cellular population is capable of synthesizing DNA, thus permitting mitotic division, but in hypertrophy cell division […]
“Cell swelling is an acute reversible change resulting as a response to nonlethal injuries.” 1.] It is also called Hydropic changes which means accumulation of water within the cytoplasm of the cell. 2.] For gross appearance of the affected organ, […]
“Cancer is a disease which is caused due to the uncontrolled division of cell which leads to growth of tumor and reduced activity of immune system.” TYPES: – There are basically six types of cancers: A.] Carcinoma Cancer: This cancer […]