“Chronic bronchitis is a common condition defined clinically as persistent cough with expectoration on most days for at least three months of the year for two or more consecutive years.” The cough is caused by the over secretion of mucus. […]
Carbohydrates are defined as aldehyde or ketone derivative of polyhydroxy ( more than one OH group)alcohols; or compounds that form these derivatives on hydrolysis. Carbohydrates are also known as saccharides. The empirical formula of many simple carbohydrates is [CH2O]n; while […]
MICROSCOPY Compound microscope Principle When an object is placed just beyond the focus of the objective lens, a magnified, virtual and inverted image is formed just at the distinct vision of eye held close to eye piece. Maximum magnification 1000 […]
Proteins Digestion of proteins:- digestion of proteins starts in the stomach where proteins undergo breakdown and forms peptides by the action of an enzyme called as pepsin. Digestion continues in small intestine where the enzymes of pancreatic juice like- trypsin, […]
Disorders of Female reproductive system 1. Pelvic Inflammatory disease (PID):- This condition usually occurs due to the sexually transmitted infections. It usually begins as vulvovaginitis (inflammation of vulva and vagina ) and then spread to the cervix, uterus, uterine tubes […]
EVALUATION OF EFFICIENCY OF STERILIZATION METHODS I. Evaluation of the effectiveness of the chemical agents used for sterilization: a. The phenol coefficient By taking phenol as a standard disinfectant, the activity of other disinfectants is measured and compared with the […]
CULTURE MEDIA Culture media are the gel or liquid which are designed to support the microbial growth in the laboratory conditions. Culture media can be natural or synthetic. In laboratory, synthetic medium is commonly used, in which, the known amount […]
STERILITY INDICATORS Or STERILITY TESTING OF PHARMACEUTICAL PRODUCTS Pharmaceutical preparations require a high standard of sterilization, particularly when talking about parenterals and ophthalmic preparations. Any sort of contamination in these preparations can lead to serious consequences in the health of […]
CULTIVATION AND GROWTH OF BACTERIA Cultivation of bacteria is to increase the number of bacterial population. This can be achieved through providing the adequate nutrition and environment such as optimum temperature, pH, osmotic pressure, atmospheric pressure, etc. On providing such […]