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Structure of the Plant Cell The cell is a structural and functional unit of an organism. A plant cell is composed of a spherical or oval body called nucleus in a tiny mass of protoplasm, surrounded by a cell […]
Plant tissue culture
Plant tissue culture or micro propagation is a broad term used for the Invitro cultivation of plant, seeds and parts like organs, embryos, tissues, single cells, protoplasts. This process of cultivation is done in laboratories using nutrition media under aseptic conditions. Highly mature plant cells and cells that can be differentiated have the ability of Totipotency. Totipotency is the ability of plant cells, where a cell can change to a meristematic state and can be differentiated into a whole plant. This property of plant cells has an advantage over Animal cell tissue culture. In 1902, Gottlieb Haberlandt cultivated isolated plant leaf cells on a nutrition media, hence he is regarded as the Father of plant tissue culture.
General steps involved in Tissue culture
Plant Cell culture
In-Plant cell culture, the cells are isolated from the parent tissue by mechanically scraping of the cells or by enzymatically disaggregation of cells by using enzymes as pectinase or use of macerozyme which can degrade lamella and weakens the cell wall. These plant cells can be cultured by either batch culture of suspension culture. Cell culture has a major advantage in the production of secondary metabolites.
Requirements of a plant cell or tissue culture laboratories
The following are the requirements for plant tissue culture
Culture media
Culture or nutrition media plays a very important role in developing in-vitro plant tissue culture. Thus, in-vitro plant growth and morphogenesis depend on the culture media used. As plant growing In-vitro cannot synthesize their own food material for their growth hence composition of nutrition or culture media should contain the same nutrients required for the whole plant.
Composition of media
The composition of culture media depends on
Types of culture media based on different components
Whites medium: used for root culture
MS medium: used for organogenesis
B5 medium: used for callus culture, cell suspension and Protoplast culture
N6 medium: used for cereal anther culture
Nitsch’s medium: used for anther culture
Constituents of media
Several elements are supplied in media for plant nutrition and to for their physiological function. The culture media contains the following basic elements
Activated charcoal is used to remove toxic compounds generated by cultured plants. Antibiotics are used to prevent microbial growth in culture medium e.g. streptomycin or kanamycin
Applications of Plant tissue culture
MCQ
1. who is the father of plant tissue culture___________
a) Alexander Fleming
b) Gottlieb Haberlandt
c) Kary Mullis
d) Leeuwenhoek
2. ___________ is the advantage of plant tissue culture over animal tissue culture
a) Plant culture require less time
b) Plant tissues are easily available
c) Totipotency of the plant cell
d) Plant tissue culture can be easily maintained with minimum requirements
3. Laminar airflow is used for the following reasons except:
a) Preparing media
b) Transferring explants
c) Aseptic transfer
d) For culture growth
4. Selection of culture media depends on________
a) Type of plant species used
b) Time for preparation of culture media
c) Cost for preparation
d) Maintenance of culture media
5. ___________is the type of Cell culture
a) Organ culture
b) Protoplast culture
c) Callus culture
d) Explant culture
6. Cell culture is used for ___________
a) Production of enzymes
b) Production of Secondary metabolites
c) Production of vaccines
d) Production of monoclonal antibodies
7. The following are the plant material used for tissue culture EXCEPT:
a) Tissues
b) Cells
c) Protoplasts
d) Flower
8. Zinc as micronutrient is used in culture media for _____________
a) Protein synthesis
b) DNA replication
c) Enzyme synthesis
d) For photosynthesis
9. Calcium used In nutrition media is the main component of ________part of plant cell
a) Mitochondria
b) Endoplasmic reticulum
c) Golgi bodies
d) Cell wall and cell membrane
10. Activated charcoal is used in nutrition media to _____________
a) Absorb toxic substances
b) Absorb moisture
c) Absorb elements
d) Absorb microbes
Answer Key
Reference
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