Category: Pharmaceutics

Surfactants, Surface active agents and Question Answer for GPAT, NIPER, Pharmacist and Drug Inspector exam

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SURFACE-ACTIVE AGENTS (SURFACTANTS): Substances having both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions in their molecular structures are called surfactants or surface-active agents. When surfactants are added to the air/ liquid (water) interface, they accumulate at the interface, a process that is generally […]

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Langmuir isotherm and Freundlich isotherm, Adsorption Phenomenon (Part2) and MCQs for GPAT, NIPER, Pharmacist and Drug Inspector exam

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Many attempts have been made to develop a mathematical expression that relates the amount of the adsorbate per unit weight of adsorbent to a function of the solute concentration remaining in the solution at a fixed temperature. The most frequently […]

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BET isotherm, Factors Affecting Adsorption, Adsorption Phenomenon(Part 3) and MCQs for GPAT, NIPER, Pharmacist and Drug Inspector exam

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BET isotherm: Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms are based on the formation of a saturated monolayer of the adsorbate on the surface of the adsorbent. The BET isotherm assumes that a multimolecular layer of adsorbate molecules covers the surface of the […]

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Physical and chemical adsorption, Adsorption Isotherm, Adsorption phenomenon(Part1) and MCQs for GPAT, NIPER, Pharmacist and Drug Inspector exam

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ADSORPTION PHENOMENA: Adsorption is the process in which materials of one phase (adsorbate) accumulate or concentrate at the interfacial surface of the other phase (adsorbent). It is a spontaneous phenomenon driven by a reduction of the surface free energy. Adsorption […]

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Surface and Interfacial Phenomenon: Spreading coefficient and MCQs for GPAT, NIPER, Pharmacist and Drug Inspector exam

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Spreading Coefficient (S): In general, spreading of a liquid occurs when the work of adhesion between two liquids exceeds the work of cohesion between the molecules of each liquid. Work of adhesion (Wa)- Consider a liquid drop with surface tension […]

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Measurement of Surface and Interfacial tension, Ring Detachment Method (du Nouy tensiometer) and Wilhelmy Plate Method and MCQs for GPAT, NIPER, Pharmacist and Drug Inspector exam

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Ring Detachment Method (du Nouy tensiometer): The du Nouy’s ring method is similar to the Wilhelmy plate method, but it uses a ring or loop of wire. A platinum or Iridium wire of ~4 cm in circumference is suspended from […]

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Drop weight and drop count method and Spinning Drop Method and MCQs for GPAT, NIPER, Pharmacist and Drug Inspector exam

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Drop Weight and Drop Count Method: Principle: If a liquid is allowed to fall slowly through a capillary tube, the liquid first forms a drop at the tip of the capillary tube, which gradually increases in size and finally detaches […]

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Measurement of surface and interfacial tension- Capillary rise method and MCQs for GPAT, NIPER, Pharmacist and Drug Inspector exam

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Capillary Rise Method: The capillary rise method is considered to be the most accurate way of measuring surface tension as the surface of the liquid is undisturbed during the measurement. However, the method is not suitable for measuring the interfacial […]

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Surface and interfacial phenomenon: Liquid interface, surface and interfacial tensions, surface free energy and MCQs for GPAT, NIPER, Pharmacist and Drug Inspector exam

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Interface is the boundary between two or more phases exist together. Several types of interface can exist depending on whether the two adjacent phases are in solid, liquid or gaseous state. LIQUID INTERFACES : Surface and Interfacial Tensions In the liquid […]

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Micromeretics and powder rheology: Methods of determining particle size and volume – Sedimentation and Coulter Counter method and MCQs for GPAT, NIPER, Pharmacist and Drug Inspector exam

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Sedimentation Technique: Equivalent diameter: Stokes’ diameter; frictional drag diameter—a sphere having an equivalent drag force to a particle of the same diameter in the same fluid at the same velocity. Range of analysis: 1 μm to about 200 μm. It […]

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