Equipment for Suspensions: 1-Mortar and pestle: It consists of a glass or porcelain mortar and a pestle. Advantages: Small quantity suspenisons can be prepared in the laboratory. Low cost. Simplest operation among all other instruments. Disadvantages: Generally, the final particle size […]
Evaluation of Suspensions: Sedimentation method Rheological method Electro kinetic method 1.Sedimentation method : Two parameters are studied for determination of sedimentation: Sedimentation volume Degree of flocculation Sedimentation volume – The suspension formulation(50mL)was poured separately into100mL measuring cylinders and sedimentation volume […]
FORMULATION COMPONENTS: Oil Phase – Various chemical types of oils are used in the preparation of pharmaceutical emulsions, including hydrocarbons, simple esters, fatty acids, fixed and volatile oils, and waxes. The selection of oil phase is based on the solubility […]
The word “emulsion” comes from the Latin word for “to milk“. An emulsion is a mixture of two or more liquids that are normally immiscible (nonmixable or unblendable). Emulsions are part of a more general class of two-phase systems of […]
EMULSIFICATION TECHNIQUES (EMULSION FORMATION): 1.Conventional method – Dry gum method – Wet gum method 2.Condensation method 3.Phase inversion technique 4.Low-energy emulsification 5.Spontaneous emulsification Emulsion preparation by the commonly used dispersion method requires a sequence of processes for breaking up the […]
EVALUATION TESTS : 1.Determination of particle size and particle count: It is performed by optical microscopy, sedimentation by using Andreasen apparatus and Coulter counter apparatus. 2.Determination of viscosity: For viscous emulsions, the use of penetrometer instrument is used. 3.Determination of phase […]
DEFINITION: Parenterals are sterile preparations intended for administration under or through one or more layers of skin or mucous membranes. The term of parenteral is derived from Greek word para meaning beside and enteron meaning the intestine. Thus parenterals administration […]
Formulation Principles: Parenteral drugs are formulated as solutions, suspensions, emulsions, liposomes, microspheres, nanosystems, and powders to be reconstituted as solutions. This section describes the components commonly used in parenteral formulations, focusing on solutions and freeze-dried products. General guidance is provided […]
Displacement value: The quantity of the drug which displaces one part of the base is known as displacement value. Example – Determination the displacement value of a medicament in theobroma oil suppositories containing 40% medicament, prepared in 1 gm mould. […]