” Hypertension simply means abnormal increase in blood pressure.” INTRODUCTION :- Elevated blood pressure is a staggering health problem. It is very common, its consequences are widespread and sometimes devastating and it also remain asymptomatic until late in its courses. […]
” Atherosclerosis is a disease primarily of the elastic arteries (eg. aorta, caratoid and ilaic arteries) and large and medium sized muscular arteries (eg. coronary and popliteal arteries).” INTRODUCTION :- 1.] Atherosclerosis is a thickening and hardening of large and […]
INTRODUCTION :- 1.] Arteriosclerosis is a general term used to include all conditions with thickening and hardening of the arterial walls. 2.] Following morphological entities are included under arteriosclerosis :- Senile arteriosclerosis (it affects arteries). Hypertensive arteriosclerosis (affects arteries). Mönckeberg’s […]
INTRODUCTION :- Acute renal failure also termed as ARF is a syndrome characterized by rapid onset of renal dysfunction. Renal dysfunction represents oliguria and sudden increase in metabolic waste product (urea and creatinine) in the blood with consequent development of […]
“Chronic renal failure is a syndrome characterized by progressive and irreversible deterioration of renal function due to the destruction of the renal parenchyma.” “Major problem in CRF is of acidosis with the development of biochemical azotaemia and clinical uremia syndrome.” […]
” Heart failure is defined as the pathophysiologic state in which impaired cardiac function is unable to maintain an adequate circulation for the metabolic needs of the tissues of the body.” A.] Chronic heart failure occurs either because of decreased […]
The mechanism of respiration involves 2 processes- exchange of oxygen and carbon-dioxide transport of oxygen and carbon-dioxide We have already studied, exchange of gases I previous article. in this article we will discuss transport of gases. We know that blood […]
Hemostasis is a series of process which stops bleeding, when the blood vessel is broken or damaged this process takes place. Hemostasis is done through three steps or mechanisms which are as follows- Vascular spasm:-when arteries and arterioles are damaged, […]
Function of Blood Composition of Blood Blood has two components- blood plasma and formed elements. Blood plasma is a watery liquid extracellular matrix that contains dissolved substances. While the formed elements are the cell and cell fragments. Blood has about […]