Safety and efficacy are the two major concerns about any drug. While the efficacy of a drug can be detected with relative ease, the same cannot be said about safety because the adverse effect of a drug may be uncommon […]
Thyroid Gland The butterfly-shaped thyroid gland is located just inferior to the larynx (voice box). It is composed of right and left lateral lobes, one on either side of the trachea, that are connected by an isthmus anterior to the […]
Beta- Lactam Antibiotics (part I) (B)- Semisynthetic penicillins Semisynthetic penicillins: Semi-synthetic antibiotics are derivatives of natural antibiotics with slightly different but advantageous characteristics. […]
Beta- Lactams Antibiotics( part -I)- (A)Pencillins Pencillins: Pencillin was the first antibiotic […]
Formulation variables: Formulation variables that are generally considered include (a) the nature and form of the active principle (esters, salts, complexes, etc.), (b) the physical state, particle dimensions, and the specific surface of the product, (c) the solubility of the […]
Dissolution Test Parameters: Eccentricity of the stirring device – The United States Pharmacopeia (USP) specifies that the stirring shaft must rotate smoothly without significant wobble. Eccentricity can be measured in terms of total indicator reading(TIR) with the help of machinist’s […]
ANTIMICROBIAL DRUGS- GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS Antimicrobial drugs: Antimicrobial drugs are chemical substances of natural or synthetic origin that suppress the growth of, or destroy, micro-organisms including bacteria, fungi, helminths, protozoa and viruses. Antimicrobial drugs include: antibiotics, chemotherapeutic agents. Classifications: These drugs […]
Antiemetics: Antiemetics are a heterogeneous group of drugs used to treat various causes of nausea and vomiting. Different antiemetics act on different receptors, and they may have a peripheral effect, a central effect, or both. Antiemetic drugs can help when nausea […]
Emesis: Vomiting is rarely painful, but never pleasant. Vomiting, also known scientifically as “emesis” and colloquially as throwing up, retching, heaving, or being sick, is the forcible voluntary or involuntary emptying of stomach contents through the mouth or, less often, […]
Constipation: It is a condition where there is infrequent bowel movement. Causes: Diet( lack of fibers and liquids), lack of exercise, age, […]